Dye intermediates, also referred to as intermediates, refer to various aromatic derivatives used in the production of dyes and organic pigments. They are derived from benzene, toluene, naphthalene, anthracene and other aromatic hydrocarbons from coal chemical and petrochemical industries through a series of organic synthesis unit processes. With the development of chemical industry, the application range of dye intermediates has been extended to pharmaceutical industry, pesticide industry, propellant and explosive industry, information recording materials industry, as well as auxiliaries, surfactants, spices, plastics, synthetic fibers and other production sectors. There are many kinds of dye intermediates, and hundreds of them are more important. The most important early dye intermediates, such as nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, chlorobenzene and phthalic anhydride, have been developed into important basic Organic Intermediates because of their wide use and large dosage. The annual output in the world is more than one million tons. The most important dye intermediates are o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, p-nitrotoluene, 2-naphthol, anthraquinone, 1-aminoanthraquinone and so on. Starting from the above intermediates and through a series of organic synthesis unit processes, various intermediates with complex structures can be prepared.
Dye intermediates mainly include benzene intermediates, toluene intermediates, naphthalene intermediates and anthraquinone intermediates, in addition, there are some heterocyclic intermediates. The main reaction processes of intermediate in production are nitration, sulfonation, halogenation, reduction, amination, hydrolysis, oxidation, condensation and so on. The synthesis of a complex intermediate often takes many unit processes, sometimes using different basic materials and different synthetic routes.
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1. The action of separating the clutch is slow, which prolongs the running time of the clutch in the semi-engaged state and accelerates clutch wear.
2. The excessive force of the engagement clutch will cause the parts of the transmission system to bear an increase in load momentarily, resulting in early damage to the drive shaft, friction plates, gears and bearings of the transmission system.
3. When the locomotive runs at a high speed and encounters deceleration of pedestrians, vehicles, or overtaking, the driver often controls the vehicle speed by means of semi-engagement or frequent clutch disconnection. This leads to increased wear of the clutch and burning of the friction discs in severe cases.
4. The driver places his/her foot on the clutch pedal during driving. As the locomotive bumps, the de-tapping device is often in a semi-engaged state, so that in addition to accelerating the wear of the clutch, the transmission efficiency is greatly reduced.
5. When the clutch slips, mix dry matter and other debris with the device. As a result, the parts wear out and even become scrapped.
6. When the locomotive is overloaded or encounters an obstacle, the driver first disengages the clutch, increases the throttle, and then swiftly engages the clutch to overcome the overload or over the obstacle, often causing the clutch shaft to break off.
7, do not pick up the block when the downhill, the engine stalled, separate the clutch for taxiing, when the speed drops, and then increase the throttle to smash the clutch, forcing the engine to run again, but also often cause the clutch shaft fracture, broken friction plate and other accidents.
Clutch is a frequently engaged and disengaged working part. The state of the clutch has a great influence on the performance of the locomotive. The driver should do the following:
1. When the clutch is disengaged, the action should be quickly and the pedal should be stepped on to the end so that the clutch can be completely and completely separated, and the action should be stable and slow when engaging.
2, the clutch separation time should not be too long, if you need a long time to stop, you should set neutral.
3, Do not use the method of separating or semi-detaching the clutch to adjust the speed, do not use the method of slamming the clutch out of obstacles.
4. When slipping or unclear separation occurs, stop the vehicle in time to find out the cause and troubleshoot.
5, regular inspection and adjustment of the clutch parts of the gap and the free travel of the pedal, the front and rear bearing grease, such as the friction plate stained with oil and slippery, should be subject to the clutch cleaning.
Several misoperations of the clutch
The main function of the clutch is to transfer or cut off the power of the engine output and automatically slip when overloaded. To protect the transmission. However, many drivers cannot use the clutch correctly, resulting in early wear, damage to the transmission, and reduced use of the locomotive: These wrong methods of operation are as follows: