About the breeding technology of abalone
I. Bao's living habits Bao is a narrow temperature and narrow salt shellfish. The environmental requirements of the living sea area are clear and smooth. The salinity of seawater is maintained at more than 3‰ per year, and the bottom of the sea is rocky sediment and richer. The growth of large-scale food algae, such as brown algae, green algae and red algae, etc., Bao has habits of settlement, and in the reef-rich belts, there is generally no large movement. Abalone is dioecious. When sexually mature, male gonads are milky yellow and females are dark green. The optimum temperature for the reproduction of Haliotis discus hannai is about 20°C, and the water temperature for the start of reproduction of the hybrid abalone is 2°C. During reproduction, male and female abalones discharge eggs and sperm into water, and eggs are fertilized in seawater. Under conditions where the specific gravity of seawater is 1.022 and the water temperature is 22.5°C, the formation of hatchery abalone from the beginning of fertilization to the emergence of the first breathing hole is generally 45 days. After about one year of growth, when the shell length reaches 2 to 3 cm, it becomes a seedling for breeding and reproduction. Second, the production of Bao's seed (A) Pro-Bao selection of pro-Bao should choose the soft body full of fat, strong vitality, non-injurious 3 to 4 years old individuals, for the wrinkles disc abalone shell length is best in 8cm, noise Bao and Jiu Bao abalone are best about 6 ~ 7cm, the individual is too large, it may be aging, the individual is too small, spawning less, the quality of the eggs is sometimes difficult to guarantee. (B) Fertility 1. Variable temperature stimulation method: The ratio of male to female of abalone at a ratio of 2:1 to 3:1 was placed in an incubator filled with filtered seawater, and slowly added with seawater at about 70°C to increase the water temperature by 2～ 3 °C, about 20 minutes later, then enter the low temperature seawater, so that the water temperature is lower than the original water temperature 2 ~ 3 °C, while oxygenation stirring, as long as the glandular maturity is good, after temperature stimulation, can get a good oxytocin effect . 2. Dry dew and flowing water mixed stimulation method: The pro-Bao was put in the damp place to dry for 0.5 to 1 hour, and then put it into the spawning box with a ratio of 3:1 male and female to keep the sea water circulating in the box, and the pro-Bao was exposed to dried dew. With water and other changes to stimulate, 1 to 2 hours later, there will be a lot of emissions. 3. Fertilization: When artificial breeding of abalone, sperm and eggs are collected separately and then artificially inseminated. Fertilization should be performed as soon as possible after excretion of sperm and eggs. The density of eggs per milliliter of seawater is preferably no more than 100, and the sperm density is 100,000 to 300,000. After 3 to 5 minutes of fertilization, eggs should be washed 3 to 5 times in succession. Each interval should be 30 to 60 minutes. After fertilization, the fertilized eggs can be transferred to hatching ponds for hatching. The hatching density is 10 to 50 per milliliter of seawater. 4. Juvenile training: The density of larvae is 50 to 300 per liter of water. The larvae in the planktonic stage can feed the unicellular algae. After entering the pupa stage, they need to feed bait plates with bait for their feeding. 5. larval rearing: Pay attention to water quality, feeding and inflating. When the first breathing hole occurs, some large seaweeds such as canola can be fed. If the bait is not handled well, it will cause a lot of death. Third, the development of abalone 1. Sea bream farming: breeding cage multi-layer cage is better, multi-layer raising cage diameter 45 ~ 50cm, height 100 ~ 200cm, 4 ~ 10 layers of plastic tray by iron rod It is integrated with a plastic sleeve and has a layer spacing of 20 to 30 cm. Outsourcing has a zippered net. Feeding, management, and replacement of net clothes are all very convenient. The bait is mainly seaweed and other seaweeds. 2. Submerged caisson cultivation: The breeding equipment is a large-scale cage of 2m2m0.8m steel skeleton, which is sunk in the seabed for breeding, and some are open on the upper side and both ends, with a number of staggered transverse partitions in the middle, and the opening part has a belt. The cement tanks of the zippered nets are sunk on the sea floor for cultivation, and the feed is mainly seaweed such as kelp. The breeding environment of the abalone is stable compared to the eel culture, and the growth effect is also good, but the feeding and management are relatively difficult. 3. Perimeter pool type cultivation on the seashore: In the intertidal zone where the selection conditions are suitable, the dike is built in a pond, stones, cement boards, and tiles are placed in the pool as hidden attachments to the abalone and left on the upper part of the pool wall on the sea side. There are several water outlets, which serve as exchange channels between the pool and the outer seawater during the ebb tide. After the ebb tide, the seawater in the pool should be maintained at a depth of about 1m, and the bait is mainly seaweed. 4. Land-based aquaculture (1) Multi-layer tank aquaculture: It adopts a multi-layer long strip-shaped shallow water tank and is used together with screens, attachment plates and other equipment. The sink is 0.5-0.7m wide, 0.3-0.4m deep, and the length is generally between 1m and 10m. The layer spacing is about 0.5m. Some of the bait are mainly seaweed, and some are mainly bait-based, and the breeding density is 3 to 5cm. 200-400 square meters, more than 6cm abalone 100-150 per square meter. (2) The plastic tank aquaculture pond in the pond has an area of ​​20 to 40 m2 and a depth of 1 to 1.2 m. The plastic box is a 39 cm long, 30 cm wide, and 12 cm high box-bearing box. Each 5 to 7 boxes are stacked one on top of the other. A stack and bundled, the bundles are placed in the pool and arranged in rows, and the operating channels are left in each row. The daily water supply is not less than 3-6 times the cultivation water body, 24 hours continuous ventilation, and the food is fresh kelp or Dried kelp. IV. Harvesting of abalone by Bao Bao The specifications of abalone abalone are mostly 5.5 to 7 cm in cultured abalone, 7 cm in abundance in natural abalone, 5 to 7 cm in variegated abalone, and 6 cm in natural abalone. Due to its strong adsorption capacity, Abalone is difficult to remove when it is fully absorbed, and sometimes it is easily damaged even if it is barely removed. When a large number of farmed abalone are harvested, they can be stripped with 3% to 4% alcohol anesthesia, etc. When a small amount of natural abalone is harvested or harvested, they must be quickly scooped when they are active. The second reason for the large number of deaths and countermeasures after discarding of abalone with discarded abalone abalone. With the rapid development of abalone culture, the prevalence of abundance of abalone in abundance varies from 15 to 60 days after exfoliation. Phenomenon, the mortality rate is as high as more than 80%, and the seedling maintenance rate is generally maintained at 3-20%. The seedling maintenance rate of most nursery sites is lower than 10%. At present, this situation has not been resolved. Due to the high cost of production caused by the death of a large number of abalone seedlings, many farmers could not maintain normal production, and some farms stopped production and changed their production, resulting in a drastic reduction in the number of seedlings to be fed. It is particularly worth noting that the surviving seedlings of BAO Miao, whether placed on the sea or in the process of industrial farming on the land, lost part of the abalone within 5 cm and died fluibly. The symptoms are similar to the death symptoms of the young abalone. Therefore, they cannot be excluded. The death of Bao and Zhi Bao was due to a disease. If the problem is not solved, not only the cost of raising seedlings will be increased, but also the survival rate in the breeding period will be affected and the development of the industry will be restricted. The reasons for the large number of deaths caused by stripping youngsters are mixed, there are mechanical damages, and there are discomforts with changing feeds. At present, in the face of a large number of childbirth deaths, most field families are in a situation where there is a lack of scientific evidence for diagnosis, no treatment, no means of detection, and prevention. The main reason for this situation is the lack of understanding of the causes and the inability to make timely diagnosis of two types of epidemic diseases that are extremely different from each other. Therefore, it is of great significance to find out the pathogenic factors, study their biological characteristics, and screen for preventive and therapeutic drugs for the purpose of achieving active prevention, effective control, and thorough treatment. I. Materials 1. Wrinkle-prepared Wrinkle-Abbreviated Wrappers The following abbreviated Abbreviated Abbreviation is provided by Haizhen Nursery, Rongcheng City, Shandong Province. 2. The antiviral drugs were provided by Wuhan University; antibiotics and Chinese herbal medicines were purchased from Rongcheng Medicine Materials Company. Western medicine is calculated according to the effective dose of self-test. After the Chinese herbs are comminuted, they are immersed in 500ml of seawater and immersed in baits for feeding every 10g. 3. Five-day-old chicken embryos were purchased from local chicken farms. 2. Methods 1. Observing the illness and disease course 1) Observe and count the occurrence and development of viral disease symptoms and course of disease in the two years of 1996 and 1997, and record the number of deaths on the day of childbirth, expressed in grains or milliliters. 2) Observe and count the occurrence and development of non-viral diseases, and record the number of deaths on the day of childbirth. The measurement methods are the same as above. 3) In the observation group, a parallel control was set up to extend the duration of the disease by feeding the 1/2 dose of the vaccine to the epidemic in order to observe the occurrence and development of the epidemic. 2. Screening of anti-drugs and determination of effective doses 1) According to the results of pathogen isolation and identification, the drug screening was conducted within six groups of antiviral (including viruses), macrolides, tetracyclines, and traditional Chinese medicines. 2) Calculation and determination of effective dose: The reference dose (Var is determined by the diffusion rate of the drug, the concentration of seawater-related metal ions, the actual effective drug content, and the food intake) based on the amount of human +Var. The effective dose was measured within three concentrations of the baseline dose 1/2, the baseline dose, and the baseline concentration 2. The efficacy and side effects were evaluated using indicators such as changes in deaths, food intake, growth rate, and pellets. 3) Preparation and application of drugs for preventing and treating two diseases at the same time: Weigh two kinds of drugs by adding antioxidants and other additives according to the measured effective dose, mix and compress tablets, take tablets or weigh and feed, the methods and treatment are the same as 4) . 4) According to the nature of the drug, feed by Bid or Tid. Bid is conducted in the morning and afternoon; Tid is performed in the morning, afternoon and night. 7 days is a course of treatment, management and routine. Electron microscopy and histopathology were used to detect the two kinds of epidemic diseases. They were double-fixed by glutaraldehyde and tannic acid, embedded in Epon812, ultrathin sections were stained with lead and uranium, and observed under JEM100cx electron microscope. At the same time, two kinds of diseased abalones were prepared by routine preparation of tissue sections to observe the infected tissues. Third, the results (epidemiological investigations, isolation and identification of pathogens, ultrastructural and histopathological reports in other languages, this article only cited the relevant results) 1. Disease Viral diseases: the pathogen of this disease is a kind of replication in the cytoplasm The virus mainly infects nerve cells and the blood circulation system. The more noticeable early symptoms of the infected hatchery are the gradual enlargement of the gastropod, slow movement, and "tailing" during crawling. With the development of the disease process, the abdominal foot continued to swell, and the side view showed the attachment of the young abalone was bulging, the distance between the shell and the attached plate increased, the abdominal foot showed obvious neurological symptoms, and the diseased seedlings had difficulty in exercising or could not crawl and interfered. If the diseased seedlings are in a gesture of disobedience, pushing the hand parallel and pushing lightly will find that the diseased seedlings are not firmly attached; the hatchery function of the young abalone is diminished and the excrement cannot be discharged into the normal position and landed on the shell. And outlet holes; abnormal secretion of body fluids, a layer of mucus attached to the body surface, SEM and dissecting microscope examination of the shell with adhesion of bait, microalgae and feces, the same period the diseased seedlings stopped growing, the shell edges appear engraved, faded. As the disease continues to deteriorate, to the late stage of disease, the seedlings basically lose their adhesion and are easily detached. The exfoliated seedlings generally have their stomach feet upwards. Obviously, abdomen enlargement and rigidity can be observed clearly; Its abdominal foot activity is more sluggish than the eyes and tentacles, and it cannot be turned over to attach itself, helping it turn over and still unable to reattach. The group of sick, sick, spawning and early abundance showed irregular distribution of the seedlings, and the scattered seedlings did not accumulate (hereinafter referred to as slats), and the food intake was reduced during the middle course of the disease. At the onset of the disease, there was an increase in non-adhesive juvenile abalone, and a few external interferences caused the seedlings to fall off. In severe cases, after the feeding, there were many exfoliated seedlings on the bottom of the corrugated plate. If this epidemic occurs in the light-absorption period of juvenile abalone, the amount of seedlings feeding on the plate at night can be observed to decrease, and the amount of leftover bait is increasing day by day. The seedlings left on the plate during the day also increase with the severity of the disease, and the disease is light. The seedlings piled up on the board, and the diseased seedlings showed irregular spreads. The initial incubation period of infection test is about 5-7 days, and the duration of disease is 12-15 days. See the death curve of the young bowel in the control group. Treatment with antibiotics and sulfonamides was ineffective. A non-viral epidemic; the epidemic is caused by rickettsia. There was no obvious change in food intake and adhesion in the early sick group of early hatchlings. The more easily noticeable symptoms were obvious regional scatters in the juvenile Bao group. At the same time, the number of seedlings in the crawler box during the day increased day by day, mostly small individuals. Miao, although brushed back into the corrugated board with tools, will soon climb up again, which is different from the early symptoms of viral diseases. With the development of the disease course, the regional shards are becoming more and more obvious, and the area of ​​screeds is getting larger and larger. At this point it appeared that the food intake decreased, and the appetite gradually developed from an atrophy to an anorexia and avoidance of food. After feeding, the diseased seedlings climbed to the corrugated plate height commonly known as the top of the gully, and the diseased light seedlings gradually climbed back to the bottom of the ditch. At this time, if it can be treated promptly, after three days of feeding, the diseased seedling can be cured and returned to normal; if it is not treated during this period, the disease condition will continue to deteriorate, and the seedling that climbs the top of the guldle will not return to the bottom of the ditch. Bao looked up and stopped feeding, gradually became thin and died. The diseased abalone and dead childish abalone shells were dark in color, without a bright sense, and the software was thin and atrophied, showing a small shell-like flesh. As the spread of the disease increases, seedlings on the bottom of the pool will also be infected, and the seedlings on the bottom of the pool will climb up to the surface of the pool wall. Pathological examination, intestinal tissue damage, digestive gland enlargement. 2. Disease Prevention and Control The prevention and treatment of viral diseases: Drug screening was conducted in 1996. The results of effective dose measurement showed that there was no significant difference in the control effect between the baseline dose and the baseline dose of 1/2. Administration of 2 doses of the drug has some effect on the appetite of the abalone in a certain period of time, but it can return to normal after drug withdrawal. In 1997, the application of viral epidemic prevention and control was tested. Feeding two weeks of antiviral drugs to the newly hatched barren ducks for three days between two courses of withdrawal, Chinese medicine as a preventive group; pooling the same number of diseased vaccines as the treatment group for the same period; . Control application test results: The control group became ill on the 11th day, the number of deaths of the young rose increased day by day, entered the peak of death in 18-20 days, and the disabled rate reached 84% in 30 days; In the prevention group fed with antiviral drugs, Bao Miao has always been In a stable state, the screening results prevent the seedling maintenance rate of 73%; the seedlings in the antiviral drug treatment group began to polyplate on the 5th day, and the death rate showed a downward trend. On the 8th day, the seedling condition basically improved, and the second course of treatment ended. The seedlings returned to normal and the seedling maintenance rate was 55%. The epidemic was not found in the Chinese medicine group, but the number of deaths within 15 days after the exfoliation was more than that of the western medicine group. Normal death occurred after 20 days. The seedling maintenance rate of the prevention group, treatment group and control group is shown in Table 1. The death curve of the hatchery of each experimental group is shown in Figure 1. At this time, at the peak of the disease occurring in the workshop, the above treatment plan was used to treat 200-pool (including 4-cell control) seedlings. The seedlings also showed a poly-plate trend on the third day of medication, and the food intake increased, and the number of invalids was increased. After falling, after two courses of treatment, the 185 pools returned to normal and began to grow. In 11 of these pools, the number of deaths of seedlings did not decrease when they fell to a certain level, and the number of deaths returned to normal levels after feeding the drug against non-viral diseases. The changes in the mortality of the juvenile abalone during the onset and treatment of the workshop are shown in Figure 2. Non-viral diseases: The same conditions observed in 1998 and 1999 are the same non-viral epidemics (see Figure 3). The results of drug screening showed that the epidemic was sensitive to several antibiotics in tetracyclines, was ineffective when treated with sulfa antiviral drugs, and the timing of sulfa drug administration was inappropriate, but aggravated. In 1998, due to lack of understanding of the disease, misdiagnosis occurred and the non-viral disease was treated as a viral disease, which did not achieve the desired effect. In 1999, the disease type of juvenile abalone was diagnosed. Two episodes of symptomatic antibiotics were administered immediately after the ablation. There was no epidemic disease in the hatchery of the experimental group, and the preserving rate was 71%. In the control group, the epidemic preserving rate was only 9%. . Both the reference dose and the reference dose 2 can achieve preventive effects, and the control effects are shown in Table 1. In the course of the prevention and control of the above two diseases, it has also been observed that when a single symptomatic drug is used to control, the seedlings in most of the pools can return to normal, but there is also a small part of the seedling mortality that will not continue to decline. However, the mortality rate of another type of drug that needs to be fed back to normal levels. Comprehensive prevention of two kinds of epidemics: The two drugs are mixed together according to an effective dose, and additives such as antioxidants are added, and 28,000 bastard abalones are fed 18000, 7 days is a course of treatment, and 2 courses of intermediate treatment are stopped for 2 days, 10 days later. After the third course of treatment, one course of treatment was given monthly; another parallel control group was provided, and the parallel group received only one symptomatic drug. After 5 months of follow-up, neither of the two epidemics occurred in the juvenile group. After screening on the 43rd day after stripping, the seedling maintenance rate reached 76%. The screening results are shown in Table 1, and the death curve is shown in Figure 4. From Table 1 and Figure 4, it can be seen that the death rate of juvenile abalone in the parallel group is higher than that of the comprehensive prevention group, and the comprehensive prevention and control group of the stripping specification is better than the parallel control group. IV. DISCUSSION 1. Isolation and identification of pathogens, biological assays, disease observations, drug experiments, and electron microscopy, histopathology results indicate that there are two major epidemics of viral and rickettsia in the population of juvenile abalone. The results of the medical investigations and drug experiments show that the prevalence of these two diseases may sometimes occur on the same farm alone, sometimes at the same time, even though the epidemics occurring in several neighboring nursery farms in the same area are not the same. 2. The epidemic did not occur after the abduction of the juvenile abalone. Occasionally, epidemic has occurred on the picking plate. The unit density of the seedlings during the seedling plate-feeding period is small, and the general disease is slow to spread. Epidemiological investigations have also found that More than 60% of the deaths of the childbirth before the stripping. After the stripping, the density of seedlings is relatively increased, together with the group habits of juvenile abalone, which accelerates the transmission speed and probability of pathogens and forms an acute phase, resulting in a large number of deaths in the short term. Bao still has other diseases and natural enemies, but has not found any other reports of damage to Bao over these two epidemics. 3. There are many differences between these two diseases in clinical symptoms and signs of hemorrhoids. Although some clinical symptoms have the same or similar place, these similar symptoms appear during the course of the disease are not the same, so through the careful treatment of the disease Observe that we can distinguish between the two epidemics and make a correct diagnosis of the epidemic types. 4. The results of prevention and control tests show that the use of symptomatic drugs can suppress the spread of these two diseases. From the perspective of improving the seedling maintenance rate, the prevention effect is better than the therapeutic effect. The test results also show that the comprehensive prevention and treatment results are the best. At present, the research on enhancing the disease resistance of the offspring has made gratifying progress through the hybrid of Haliotis discus hannai and Japanese abalone or Haliotis diversicolor. However, there are also severe cases where the hatchlings are severely seedlings during the rearing of seedlings and the amount of seedlings needed to be increased. The problem. Secondly, Japanese juvenile abalone has also found that the mortality rate is as high as 30-95%. Given the current lack of quarantine methods, whether the introduction of the virus will cause complicated factors in the prevention and treatment of wrinkle abalone and abalone-inducing abalone diseases is inconclusive. Therefore, for the epidemics occurring in the group of youngsters, we should adopt a policy of active prevention, effective control, and thorough treatment. To achieve this goal, the ideal method is to quarantine the species of abalone, treat the diseases of the species of abalone, eliminate the source of infection, or prevent the disease during the breeding period. However, the current situation is that the prevention and treatment of the disease is not mature enough, and it has not entered the application stage. The prevention and treatment during the breeding period of seedlings, the large amount of drugs, and the high cost, this approach is not desirable, so it is more realistic and feasible. The method is to immediately deliver drugs that can prevent and treat both diseases immediately after the release. Third, the shallow sea bream abalone breeding technology First, the choice of sea areas in the selection of abalone breeding: depth of water, fresh water, no pollution, there is no river nearby, rich seaweed resources, sea water salinity is relatively stable and the salinity. The specific requirements are: 1. Depth of water: In Baohai area, seawater is not easy to be shallow, and the best water depth can reach 15-20m. 2. Water temperature: Abalone live in the water temperature range of 1 ~ 28 °C, the optimum growth of water temperature is 14 ~ 22 °C. Therefore, raising the water temperature in Baohai district in winter should not be lower than 1°C, and the water temperature in high temperature season should not exceed 28°C. 3. Salinity: Abalone belongs to marine organisms with medium salinity, and it is required that the seawater salinity be stable at 29 ‰ to 31 ‰, and the minimum is not less than 27 ‰, and the maximum is no more than 36 ‰. 4. Water flow: Because abalone likes the flow of water, it should choose the regular flow of the sea area, the flow rate should be 50 ~ 60m / divided into good. 5. Physical and chemical factors of water quality: The pH value of abalone's hibernation sea area is 8.0-8.4, dissolved oxygen is not less than 4mg/L, ammonia nitrogen is not more than 100mg/L, and organic oxygen consumption is less than 0.5-1mg/L. Second, the material preparation for raising the abalone 1. Muddy, squid breeding wind resistance ability Guan Jian in the hibiscus, so the scorpion raising the abalone must be large and sturdy, requiring a diameter of 20-25cm, a length of not less than 80-100cm. 2. Ropes and ropes: Both the rope and the rope use 25-30mm polyethylene ropes, the length of the ropes is 60-70m, and the length of the rope is 30-40m. It can also be determined according to the water depth. 3. Sling: Use φ10-15mm polyethylene rope, the length is generally 8-10m, each one is suspended. 4. Falling stone: The drop stone needed to raise the abalone is made of cement. Each piece is 2-2.5kg. 5. Buoyancy: Use φ30cm plastic buoyancy, 25 per shelf, or increase buoyancy according to abalone growth. 6. Rubber rods: made of rubber, φ8cm, length 40cm, rubber rods are mainly used to remove the net cage on the use of heteroalgae and some small shellfish. 7. Small shovel: A 20cm long and 5cm wide iron shovel is made of iron. It is mainly used to remove some shellfish such as oysters and barnacles attached to abalone shells. Third, the choice of Baoji equipment: whether the abalone's growing equipment is reasonable, has a direct impact on the growth of abalone, according to many years of production practices, after screening, there are currently three kinds of breeding cage best effect, the main form of its development are: 1. New type of cage: Rongcheng produces a plastic disc with a size of 52cm52cm, round four-layer combined square-bottom cage, middle fixed steel bolt, length 64.5cmφ12mm, and the cage wall is sewn with a 2-2.5cm polyethylene mesh sheet. Into this equipment, water permeability, dimmability, robustness, economy and practicality are the ideal abalone breeding equipment. 2. Refit the cage, convert the original cage with scallops into 8 layers, use a 40cm plastic disk in the middle, and fill the disk with 0.8-1cm round holes. The cage wall is sewn with a 1.5-2cm polyethylene mesh sheet. The disadvantage of this kind of equipment is that feeding materials are inconvenient. 3. The introduction of Japanese-style zipper multi-layer cage: φ60cm, a total of 5 layers, each layer height 40cm, the cage wall with 2 - 2.5cm polyethylene mesh stitches, feeding mouth with a zipper combination, the disadvantage of raising this cage is The cost is high and the zipper is easily damaged. Fourth, the method of transportation of seedlings for transportation of abalone seedlings includes dry transport and water transport. The short-distance transport time is not more than 15 hours and dry transport can be adopted. Long-distance transportation should use water transportation. When transporting seedlings, abalone should be transported together with polyethylene corrugated board to prevent the seedlings from squeezing each other and causing injury and death. The abalone seedlings can also be stripped and transported in a polyethylene mesh bag along with kelp. 1. Dry transport: The transport container can be made of plastic foam box or wooden barrel, which must be fully immersed and washed with clean seawater before use. At the bottom of the container, put a layer of large-leafed grass or small kelp soaked, and then add the abalone seedlings, together with the attached plate, or remove the small mesh bag after being peeled off, and place the abalone seedlings on the big leaf grass, a layer of abalone seedlings. Layer grass or small kelp, no more than three layers. With this method of transportation, the seedlings are evenly distributed, do not squeeze, are not injured, and can maintain the humidity. The transport survival rate reaches 98%. It is currently the best method of transportation. 2. Water transport: When transported for a long distance, the abalone seedlings are peeled and then put into a polyethylene net bag. A net bag with a specification of 4030 cm can hold about 1000-1500 capsules, and the net bag is put into a canvas bucket on the ship during transportation. Each cubic meter can be placed 3000 ~ 5000 abalone seedlings, on the way with a pump to pump fresh seawater every hour, under the conditions of water, water abalone seedling survival rate of more than 100 hours can reach 96%, must be selected when transporting seedlings On a sunny day, the temperature should be above 5°C, and should be protected from direct sunlight. After the seedlings arrive at their destinations, they should be caged and stocked in the sea immediately. Avoid overnight cages. V. Management of sea-based cultivation: 1. Cultivation density: Newly-developed cage specifications φ5252cm, rounded four-layer modular square cage, each layer can store about 150cm of abalone with a shell length of more than 3cm, and a cage of four layers. Stocking 600 grains; Specification φ40cm 8 layers of modified cages, each layer can be 80cm in length and more than 3cm in diameter; 8 cages in one cage can stock 640 grains; Japanese style zipper multi-layer cage is φ60cm in size. More than 200 cm of abalone seedlings of more than 3 cm, one cage of five layers can be stocked with 1000 seedlings. 2. Feeding of bait: Abalone's bait varieties are mainly kelp, wakame, and sarcophagus, followed by Sargassum and Rattus. The feeding amount depends on the feeding conditions of abalone. Generally, it is 15-20% of the abalone's body weight. The number of feedings is fed once every 8 days from March to April and every 5 days from April to June. Each month is from June to July. Feed once every 7 days, once every 10 days from July to September, once every 7 days from September to December, and once every 15 days from December to March. When feeding, first remove the bait and wash it. The floating mud and attachments in the cage create a good environment for abalone growth. 3. Timely sparse seedlings: In the middle of April, the abalone grows to 4.5–5cm. It is necessary to timely and timely measure sub-cage sparse seedlings. Newly-formed cages should be used for 150 capsules per layer, sparsely 80 pellets per layer, and 80 cages per layer. Sparse for each layer of 50 tablets; Japanese-style zipper multi-layered cage 200 per layer, sparse for each layer of 120 capsules is appropriate. 4. Aquaculture: The water layer of the abalone is generally 4-5m. It can avoid the oyster shells and other adhering layers. The temperature of the water drops gradually into the winter, the water layer is adjusted to 7-8m, and the cage distance is about 3m. 5. Remove predators: In the daily management, it is necessary to remove the shellfish and the algae floating mud in the cage wall or cage at any time, especially the oysters, mussels, barnacles, sea squirts, mosses, and sea anemones fixed on abalone shells. Wait. Most of these predatory creatures can be fixed on cages and shells, causing the water permeability of abalone cages to decline, affecting the action and growth of abalone, making it difficult for abalone to ingest food, thin and die. At present, these predatory creatures are mainly based on prevention and manual removal. Prevention is to master their breeding rules on the basis of avoiding the adhering period of their attachment, and can also be controlled by drug coatings. Manual removal is to use rubber rods to tap the algae and shellfish on the cage. The rubber rods do not damage the rest of the cages. The shells on the abalone shells are fixed and cleaned with a small shovel. After the sea, the floating mud in the cleaning cage must be raided to prevent the death of the floating mud. 6. Safe production, always check the cage, wooden beams, ropes, slings, floats, pendant stones. If a phenomenon of rope is found, it must be solved in time. Before the advent of a typhoon, in particular, it is necessary to check in detail whether the various facilities for maintaining the abalone are firm. The temperature of the water entering the winter will gradually decrease. Try not to leave the dew and leave the water at a temperature below 5°C.