I. Soil and fertilizer management 1. Soil management (1) Tree management In order to promote the growth and development of walnut saplings, after planting, the tree trays are loosened, weeded or covered every year. 1 Tree tray farming generally in the early spring or late autumn deep tree tray, the scope of which is the same as the crown, the method is to use a planer or iron shovel to deep turn, the depth is 20 ~ 30 cm. 2 Tree-covered grass orchard covering grass is a water-saving and water-saving measure that can be carried out all year round, but it is better in summer (May). The mountain walnut garden can cover weeds, leaves, crop straws, etc. on the tree tray. When covering the grass, it should be noted that the fresh covering is preferably used after the initial decay of the rainy season. After the grass is covered, many pests inhabit the grass, and should pay attention to spraying on the grass to play a concentrated trapping effect. In autumn, the leaves and diseased branches under the tree should be cleaned to prevent the occurrence of pests such as early defoliation, leaf miner and walnut anthracnose. In addition, many plain areas have improved the orchard grass-covering technology, that is, the tree-pans (tree shrubs) covering grasses that are covered with summer grass and autumn, which are carried out in May every year. The amount of grass per mu is about 1500 kg, and the thickness is kept at 5 About a centimeter, until the autumn Shi base fertilizer, turn underground. (2) Tree management 1 During the growth of the tree, the ploughing orchard is ploughed 2 to 3 times in the tree by the animal power or machinery, and the depth is 15-20 cm. 2 Weeding gardens can be combined with the management of intercropping crops. Non-intercropping walnut gardens can be used 3-4 times a year according to the occurrence of weeds, in accordance with the principles of weeding, small removal, and removal, using artificial or mechanical weeding. The straw covered after the crop is harvested can also effectively inhibit the growth of weeds and help the soil to moisturize. (3) Reasonable questioning Summer and autumn management should fully reserve walnut ventilation belt according to the intercropping situation, solve the contradiction between water and fertilizer management of walnut trees and crops, and choose one-year dwarf crops or medicinal materials with high economic benefits without affecting the normal growth results of walnut trees. Crop intercropping to increase the early benefits of walnut young plants. 2, fertilization (1) Topdressing After topdressing and applying soil, it can exert fertilizer effect in a short time. The newly planted and early-stage walnut trees are applied when the new shoots are 15 cm long. Generally, 100 g of urea and 50 g of compound fertilizer are applied. The mature walnut tree is divided into two times. The first top dressing, the early real walnuts were carried out before flowering; the late real walnuts were carried out in the early stage of leaf development. The fertilizers used are mainly available nitrogen fertilizers, such as urea. The second top dressing, the early real walnuts were carried out in the middle of June in the fruit development, and the late real walnuts were carried out in the middle of June. The fertilizer used is mainly compound fertilizer, such as NPK compound fertilizer and diammonium phosphate. (2) Foliar spray fertilizer During the growing period of the walnut, the urea 300 times solution is sprayed once every 15 days, which has the effect of promoting the growth of new shoots and increasing the greening and thickening of the leaves. Top dressing and foliar spray can be carried out simultaneously or alternately. 3. Water management In the summer of May-June, the general temperature is high and low, and during this period, the rapid growth and flowering of the walnut trees and the stage of fruit development require a large amount of water, which should be supplemented by irrigation. The period and number of irrigations are determined according to the weather conditions, the amount of soil water content, and the growth status of walnut trees. The method of irrigation should also be carried out according to the local water source conditions and equipment conditions, such as watering, sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation and so on. Tests have shown that 1-3 times of water in the summer drought is essential for the growth and development of walnuts. After the flowering of the walnut and before the flower bud differentiation, that is, around June, after the female flower is fertilized, the fruit enters the long-term, and the growth amount accounts for about 80% of the annual growth. By the end of June, the female flower buds began to differentiate. During this period, a large amount of nutrients and water supply were needed, and the water should be irrigated once to ensure the nucleus was full. In June, the walnut has a large amount of water supply during the hard core period. Generally, it is required to irrigate 1 or 2 times a month in the summer dry season, and the young trees are more irrigated. In the late summer and early autumn of Shiyan City, the rainwater is concentrated, and the drainage system of the walnut garden should be unblocked, and the surface water should be removed in time. Because the walnut tree is sensitive to the ground water and groundwater level, the water raft has an effect on the normal physiological activities of the walnut tree. It shows that the air permeability in the soil is poor, causing the root to be deprived of oxygen, which hinders the absorption of water and mineral nutrients. If the water is too long, the leaves will turn yellow. When the oxygen is severe, the roots will undergo anaerobic respiration and even cause root death. If the groundwater level is too high, it will hinder the roots from extending downward. Therefore, in areas where water accumulation and groundwater level are too high, it is necessary to pay attention to drainage work, mainly by digging drainage ditch drainage, mechanical drainage for temporary localized water accumulation, and lowering the water level to dig a 1.5 m deep drainage ditch or When the land is being built, Taitian will be lowered to lower the water level. Second, young fruit management Early-earning walnut is mainly based on lateral flower buds, and the amount of female flowers is large. After the fruit-bearing period, in order to ensure the relative balance of vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the tree, to maintain high yield and stable yield, excessive young fruit must be removed. The fruit thinning time is after the physiological fruit drop, generally 20 to 30 days after the female flower is fertilized, that is, when the young fruit is 1 to 1_5 cm, the fruit is suitable. The amount of fruit thinning should be determined according to the tree condition and cultivation conditions. Generally, 60 to 100 fruits per square meter of crown projection area are suitable. The method of fruit thinning is to first remove the young fruit on the weak tree or the weak branch, or cut it together with the weak branch; when there are more than 3 young fruits in each inflorescence, depending on the strength of the result branch, it can be retained 2~3 The position of the fruit set should be evenly distributed in the crown, and the sputum can be sparse. It should be noted that the fruit thinning is limited to the early walnut varieties with high fruit set rate. Third, summer pruning The contents of summer pruning are mainly saplings, tree pruning in the first fruit period. Methods include topping, short cutting, thinning, pulling branches and so on. 1, topping In the summer, the secondary branches that are selected, such as excessive growth, can be topped when the secondary branches are not lignified, and the branches are promoted to cultivate the resulting branches. For example, if one result branch only produces one secondary branch, and the growth potential is strong, it will be short-cut in spring or summer, promote branching, and grow into the resulting branch group. The short-cut strength is moderate and mild. . For example, the fragrant walnut trees grow vigorously, and the summer pruning is mainly based on topping. When the length of the new shoots exceeds 30 cm in May, the first topping is carried out, and the length of the branches is up to 30 cm; when the growth of the secondary branches exceeds 30 cm At the same time, the heart is picked up once more; the heart is picked up again in July, and the technical requirements are the same as above. In this way, one branch can form one result branch group in the current year, that is to say, one branch can form several times of top buds in the current year, thereby increasing the yield. Supporting measures, starting from the first topping, spraying 300 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 15 days, can also be combined with pest control until the end of the leaves. After July, the application of nitrogen fertilizer will be stopped, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers will be added; no water will be watered until August until the leaves, so as to inhibit the rapid growth of new shoots and promote the filling of the branches. 2, short cut Short and unpicked developmental branches can effectively increase branching and accelerate the process of shaping or the result of branching. However, the number of short new shoots should not be too much, and the parts should be staggered from each other, otherwise it will easily cause overlapping of branches. 3, thinning (1) Long branches When the growth of the long branches is unreasonable and the growth potential is inferior to the adjacent main branches and side branches in the same direction, it should be removed from the base, or it can be properly preserved according to its space, and the results can be cultivated by short-cut and summer picking. (2) Elimination of dense branches Early walnuts have a large amount of branches, which tends to cause many litchi in the crown, and the density is too large, which is not conducive to ventilation and light transmission. In this regard, in accordance with the principle of weakening and staying strong, timely removal of dense branches. The method of thinning branches is to cut off the base of the stick, and the pile cannot be left to promote wound healing. (3) Eliminate the pests and branches. 4, release It is advisable to not pick the heart or lightly cut the tip of the new shoot. The lighter the pruning, the more branches are formed and the fewer the number of secondary branches. 5, pull the branch When the branch is timely, the opening angle of the walnut backbone can be opened, and the canopy space can be fully utilized to promote the flowering and increase the fruit setting rate. For example, if the fragrant variety is high and the tree is planted, the branches should be erect, and the branches should be pulled. The branching time is from May to June. At this time, the branches are soft and easy to form, and the branches are effective in the same year. The main branches are mainly the prosperous trees and the early fruit trees. The trees in the fruiting period are properly pulled, the single trees are pulled upright or the branches are small, and the branches are biased to fill the branches, and the weak branches can be pulled back. High angles allow it to grow normally, and trees that open at an angle and flattened branches do not need to be pulled. When pulling the branches, combine the lychee, take the branches, soften the branches to shape, then pull the branches or slings, hang the bottles, hang the bricks and press the branches, change the angle of the branches, and place the branches in a suitable position. When the main branch is pulled, the rope is tied in the middle of the branches, which is 60-70. The corners are opened; the auxiliary branches are flattened at an angle of 80-90 degrees. The branches should be opened at the base angle and the tip should be slightly higher. There should be no "bow shape" with "low base, short head, and waist bow". The branches are easy to run on the back of the bow, and the effect is not expected. After the branches are pulled, they should be evenly distributed around the crown of the tree. After the branches are pressed for 50-60 days, they are basically shaped. At this time, the drawstring can be released or the bottles, bags, bricks, etc. can be removed. Fourth, pest control 1, walnut rot disease Walnut rot disease, also known as "blackwater disease", is a fungal disease. The rate of diseased plants in walnut gardens can reach 50%, and the rate of diseased plants exceeds 80%. The disease is mainly caused by branches, stems and bark, which leads to a decline in the ability of walnut branches to dry and firm, and even death of the whole plant. Control methods: 1 Strengthening cultivation management For walnut gardens with poor soil structure and thin soil, soil should be improved first and organic fertilizer should be added to enhance tree potential and improve disease resistance. 2 During the proper pruning, the drooping branches and weak branches are removed to restore the tree potential, and the cutting saw is disinfected with 1% copper sulfate or 5 bume sulphur mixture. 3 scraping the lesions in the growing season, the lesions can be cured at any time, the scope of the cure can be controlled to 1 cm larger than the discolored tissue of the lesions, slightly scraping a little good skin, the bark is not rotten, only The upper layer of skin should be scraped off. The lesion should reach the xylem of the xylem. After scraping, apply 10% anti-mycin WP 10 times, smear 2 times, disinfect and sterilize, and scrape the skin to destroy it. 2, walnut limb moth The walnut genus Moth is a Lepidoptera. In the larvae, the walnut fruit inside (the total è‹ž), the vertical and horizontal wear and tear, the damaged walnut, the skin is black, and began to sag, the walnut kernel (cotyledon) is poorly developed, the performance is dry and black, so it is called "walnut black" . Some larvae invade the hard shell early for food, causing the walnut kernel to dry. Some of the vascular bundles between the stalks cause early fruit drop, which seriously affects the yield of walnuts. Control method: 1 crown spray to master the adult spawning period and larvae initial incubation period, spray 10 times matrine, 2.5% deltamethrin EC 3000 times solution, 20% pyrethroid every 10 to 15 days Emulsified 3000 times liquid, etc., sprayed a total of 3 times, the larvae were eliminated before the capsule, the effect is very good. 2 Before the emergence of the ground spray adult feathers or individual adults begin to emerge, spray 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 300-500 times on the ground around the trunk, 0.5 kg per acre, to kill the adult. Applying 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate or 4% enemy horse powder under the canopy of the larvae can also get good results. 3 Remove the tree that is lightly damaged by the victim, and remove the blackened fruit in time before the larva is removed, which can reduce the density of the next generation. 3. Spider moth pests The pests of the moths in the walnut garden mainly include the yellow-thorned moth, the black-browed moth, the longitudinally-balled moth, and the jujube moth, all of which belong to the Lepidoptera. The larvae can eat the leaves into many holes, nicks or only the petiole and main veins, which seriously affect the tree potential and fruit yield. 1 Light traps most of the adult moths have strong phototaxis, can be trapped in the adult feathering period from 19:00-21:00. 2 chemical control of the young larvae of the moth is sensitive to the agent, the general contact agent can be effective, the intended drug rotation. 4, cloud spotted beetle The Cerambycidae is a Coleoptera. The larvae feed on the cortex and phloem under the bark of the walnut branches, and then gradually penetrate into the xylem to form a thick longitudinal or oblique tunnel to destroy the transported tissue; after the trunk is damaged, black water flows out (the feces and sawdust are discharged from the pupil). The trunk is hollowed out and the whole tree is weakened or dead. The adult eats the new shoots and tenders, and the new shoots die. The larvae feed on the phloem and then drill into the xylem, which is easily folded by the wind. Seriously damaged trees can be pruned and the whole plant is dead. Control methods: 1 It is best not to plant mulberry trees in or near the mulberry tree garden to reduce the source of insects. 2 Physical control utilizes the characteristics of adult phototaxis, lack of flying, slow movement, and sound after being shocked. In the period from May to June, the adult catches the adult in time and eliminates it before laying eggs. 3 chemical anti-adults adult stage combined with prevention and control of other pests, spraying a long-lasting contact agent, such as 2.5% cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate 2000-3000 times liquid, 10% beta-cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate 1000-2000 times liquid. The branches should be sprayed. 4 Poisonous larvae For larvae that break into the xylem, the liquid can be injected from the fresh septic hole, such as matrine, chlorfenapyr, malathion, etc., and then sealed with wet mud, the insecticidal effect is very good. Disclaimer: Some articles on this website are transferred from the Internet. If legal rights of third parties are involved, please inform this website. phone Sweeteners are Food Additives that sweeten soft drinks. Sweeteners can be divided into nutritional sweeteners and non-nutritional sweeteners according to their nutritional value. 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