New technology for prevention and control of main pests and diseases of edible fungi

First, the significance and principle of integrated prevention and control of edible fungi pests and diseases: the prevention and control of edible fungi pests and diseases should follow the "prevention-based, comprehensive prevention" plant protection work guidelines, using agricultural, chemical, physical, biological and other comprehensive technical control, in the prevention and treatment to select Based on the pest-resistant varieties and reasonable cultivation management measures, starting from the cultivation layout of the whole mushroom, select some economical and effective and practical prevention methods, learn from each other's strengths, cooperate with each other, and comprehensively utilize them to form a relatively complete organic control system. In order to achieve the purpose of reducing or controlling pests and diseases, the damage loss is lowered below the economically permissible indicators to promote the healthy growth of edible fungi, high yield and quality, and comprehensive prevention and control of edible fungi pests and diseases should be done in the following aspects: Good environmental sanitation, plugging the source of insects and bacteria. 1. The inoculation room and the culture room should have special personnel responsible for cleaning, disinfection, regular inspection, and discovery of contaminated bacteria for immediate treatment, and can not be littered anywhere. 2, the bacteria room, cultivation room should be thoroughly disinfected in advance. 3, found that the diseased mushrooms, worms should be removed in time, the diseased mushrooms and worms should be concentrated or buried, not to be left at the mushroom house. (2) Improve the level of cultivation management technology. Improve the level of cultivation management technology and provide an ecological condition that is conducive to the growth and development of edible fungi and not to the breeding of pests and diseases. (1) Select strains that are pure, insect-resistant, disease-resistant and suitable for the age of bacteria, and timely to ensure that the growth is fast after inoculation, robust growth, strong resistance to pests and diseases; (2) selection of high-quality, mold-free, insect-free Cultivation materials, culture materials should be reasonable ratio, and strict sterilization and insecticide; (3) Inoculation should be strictly in accordance with the aseptic operating procedures to improve the yield, which can reduce costs and reduce the source of pests and diseases. (4) Scientific management according to the characteristics of edible fungi, creating suitable temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions, making environmental conditions favorable to the growth and development of edible fungi, and unfavorable to the development of pests and diseases; (5) Frequently and carefully in the cultivation and management process Inspecting the ground, once pests and diseases are found, it is necessary to take timely measures to prevent and spread the prevention and control. (3) Chemical control: Cooperative medicinal agents are not advocated on edible fungi, especially in the mushrooming period, the cultivation period of edible fungi is short, and it is directly consumed, and pesticides are easily left in the fruiting bodies. In the cultivation process, it is necessary to pay attention to the use of pesticides: (1) It is strictly forbidden to cooperate with highly toxic pesticides. For pesticides with long residual period, which are not easy to decompose and have pungent odor, they cannot be directly used on the mushroom bed or the bacteria bag; (2) Try to use high efficiency, Low-toxic, low-residue, harmless to humans and animals and edible fungi, and at the appropriate concentration, control in a timely manner. (4) Biological control In theory, the use of biological control is the most ideal. Because it does not pollute the environment, the production site without residual poison and edible fungi is small, and the artificial control is easy, which is more conducive to the application of biological control technology. However, due to the short production cycle of edible fungi, it is difficult. At present, useful agricultural antibiotics are used to control bacterial viruses, and application of bacteria to increase the disease resistance, yield and quality of edible fungi. Parasitic nematodes are used to control flies, ticks and eye mosquitoes. Therefore, it has broad application prospects in the future prevention and control of edible fungi pests and diseases.

Second, the prevention and control technology of the main diseases of edible fungi According to the reported edible fungi, there are more than 100 kinds of fungi, the most common and more serious harmful bacteria mainly have Trichoderma, Streptomyces, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium, More than 20 kinds of bacteria. (1) Trichoderma: Trichoderma is commonly known as green mold. It can almost harm all edible fungi, and its damage to edible fungi is: (1) the contaminated culture material competes with the edible fungus for nutrition and space; (2) the secreted chlortetrace kills and kills the host; (3) the trichoderma mycelium contacts the host hyphae The host hyphae are wound and cut. Control methods: carry out comprehensive prevention and control work. (1) The culture room and cultivation site should be kept at a low temperature, the relative humidity of the air should be controlled at about 85%, and kept clean and well ventilated; (2) Once the wood mold is damaged, it should be ventilated and dehumidified immediately, and the early stage of the bacterial tube infection can be used as 2% aldehyde. The solution or 3%-5% sulphuric acid injection inhibits the expansion of Trichoderma. Partially infected mature fungus can be used to excavate the contaminated parts, and apply lime powder or stone sulphur mixture or Bordeaux mixture on the treated part. It can also be controlled by bactericide, carbendazim, methyl thiophanate and other fungicides. If 50% carbendazim 1000 mixture can prevent the occurrence of Trichoderma, it is not suitable to use carbendazim on the monkey head, fungus and white fungus. (2) Streptomyces faecalis commonly known as powdery mildew, red bread mold, is a common fungus in the production of edible fungi, can contaminate all edible fungi, is a tenacious, fast-growing aerial mold, after the culture material is contaminated It also forms a layer of orange-red or pink mold on the surface. Control methods: try to avoid sweltering, humid summer high temperature production, pay attention to environmental health. Once the orange-red block conidia group appears, carefully wrap it off with a damp cloth or wet paper, immerse it in the liquid or bury it deeply. Do not spray the bacteria directly with a sprayer to prevent the spores from scattering. Formaldehyde, kerosene or diesel, then wrapped with a film, can cause mold to die. In the late stage of hair growth, the victim bag can be buried in the soil with poor gas permeability of 30-40 cm. After 10-20 days of anoxic treatment, the disease can be reduced. The fungicides such as carbendazim and Shifugong can control the growth of Neurospora. (3) Aspergillus and Penicillium: Aspergillus is commonly known as yellow mold, green mold, black mold and the like. There are many types of Aspergillus. The colony of Aspergillus niger is black loose fruit; Aflatoxin yellow, yellowish green, and finally brownish green; Aspergillus oryzae is grayish green after initial white; Penicillium, its variety, colony gray-green, yellow-green or blue Powdery mold layer. Aspergillus and Penicillium are common bacteria, which compete with edible fungi for nutrition and water, and secretemycin to inhibit the production of edible fungi. Control measures: strengthen the ventilation of the culture room, reduce the temperature, reduce the relative humidity of the air, reduce the hazard, local 5%--10% lime water can be washed, other control methods can refer to Trichoderma control.

Third, the prevention and control technology of the main pests of edible fungi

(1) Edible fungus mites: mites are the main group of edible fungi pests, commonly known as bacillary dysentery. They feed on edible hyphae and fruiting bodies directly with nymphs, causing them to not be used after sowing, or after emergence. The phenomenon of "detoxification" causes the culture material to become black and rot, the hyphae shrink, and the fruit body appears concave and glazed and withered. If it is a mushroom (ear) root, it can affect the mushroom (ear), causing the fruit body to rot and deform, and some can also spread bacteria and pathogens. There are many types of cockroaches in edible fungi, and there are two main types of cockroaches, namely, pupa and whitefly. Pampas grass has small body shape, melon seed shape, light yellow or dark brown color, which is difficult to see by the naked eye. It is concentrated on the material surface or soil particles or on the fruit body. It is similar to the "soil powder" scattered, and the whitefly body is larger and white. It shines, does not form a group, and when it is a lot, it becomes powdery. Control measures: 1. Avoid introduction of bacteria in the introduction. 2. Do a good job in environmental sanitation and reduce contamination of bacteria. 3. Dispose of strain bottles and cultivation materials in time. 4, with 1.8 love Fuding or its compound medicine soaked in water 2000--3000 times spray.

(2) Phytophthora sputum is a general term for the larvae of Diptera insects that harm edible mushrooms. The adults of the worms are usually called mushroom flies, mushroom mosquitoes, mushroom mites (sputum mosquitoes), etc., and each type Each includes many species. They feed on the hyphae and fruiting bodies of various edible fungi with scorpion larvae and spread pathogenic bacteria. When the damage is serious, it directly affects the production of edible fungi. Control measures: 1, the door and window of the mushroom house should be installed with screen doors to prevent adult insects from flying into the spawning. 2, eliminate the garbage around the mushroom house, the ground in the room is sprinkled with lime. 3. Spray 1% of 847 pesticides (cypermethrin and phoxim) to spray the walls, floor and bed frame of the mushroom house, or use sulphur (5 g/m3) to smoke more than 48 hours. --Into the bag after 2 days. 4, the chemical control useful 1.8 love Fuding 2000--3000 times liquid or 5% Rui Jin special 1500 times liquid spray. 4. Names of banned chemical pesticides According to the relevant notices of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Health, high-toxic and high-residue chemical pesticides banned on vegetables, fruit trees, tobacco leaves, tea and other crops and edible fungi include methamidophos, insecticides, and furans. Dan, Omethoate, BHC, DDT, Methyl 1605, 1059, Suhua 203, 3911, Monocrotophos, Phosphate, Zinc Phosphate, Aluminum Phosphate, ***, Fluoride, Ammonium, Ulcer net, cobalt chloride, hexachlorophenol, 4901, chlordane, poison phenol, Cilisheng and all tribute preparations.

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