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Solidago canadensis Control Technology
Solidago canadensis L. is a perennial herb belonging to the genus Solidago in the Asteraceae family. It was introduced into China's Yangtze River Delta region in 1935 as an ornamental plant. Because of its strong reproductive capacity, competitive ability, and various means of transmission, it is now gradually spreading and becoming an important vicious alien weed in East China, and gradually spreads to suitable areas throughout the country, seriously threatening the ecological balance of the place where it is located. Agricultural and forestry production, if not controlled, will inevitably cause huge losses. 1. Biological Characteristics Plants of Solidago canadensis are 1-4 meters in height, generally about 2 meters. Main stems erect, nearly lignified, with rhizomes. Single leaves, alternate. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, leaf base cuneate, decurrent to stem, inner petiole with a conical axillary bud. The middle and lower axillary buds are dormant buds, and the upper ones are active buds that can develop branching and inflorescences. The flowers are golden yellow and consist of numerous small head-shaped inflorescences, each of which can form 20,000-200,000 seeds. Seed indoor germination rate is about 50%, can be spread by the wind, or carried by the animal. Solidago canadensis is propagated in two ways: rhizome and seed. The rhizome grows in the radial direction around the plant and the top buds on it can develop into new plants. It has been observed that a spring transplanted seedling can form more than 50 independent plants within two years. Tests have shown that the stem of Canada Solidago canadensis is inserted into soil and can still grow to form a complete plant under suitable conditions, showing its strong vitality. 2. Ecological characteristics 2.1 Growth habits Solidago canadensis is common in wasteland, abandoned land, plant areas, hillsides, river slopes, arable land, highways, and railways. Xiyang is not tolerant to yin, and no normal growing communities are found under tall shaded trees. Drought-tolerant, resistant to poor soil, so hillside wasteland can grow well, even in the cement cracks, stone seams can also flourish. In areas with high humidity and abundant water, the plants are usually short and thin, and the leaves are light in color. 2.2 Associated weeds in the major growth period of Solidago canadensis. Commonly associated weeds include Setaria viridis, Matang, Ganyeju, and Bidens. In Solidago canadensis where the density is relatively sparse and its coverage is small, it can also be associated with bermudagrass, annual canopy, and water peanuts. Most of the rhizomes of Solidago canadensis can be formed in autumn, and the root buds resume their growth in early spring after winter (in the warm winter years, secondary seedlings can be grown in winter). The associated weeds at this time are mainly weeds in early spring, such as one-year-old ponting, large broodstock, swine cricket, wild peony, Arab Veronica. In the short period of time, Solidago canadensis expanded laterally in settlements, and soon the weeds in early springs quickly withdrew from competition. The growth of autumn weeds was strongly suppressed due to the rapid growth of Solidago canadensis to form a closed environment. S. purpurea settlements are usually easy to form a single dominant population. 3, Distribution and Hazards 3.1 Distribution of Solidago canadensis spreads in two ways: Seeds spread with the wind and rhizomes go horizontal, along the railway, along the highway development. According to incomplete statistics, Solidago canadensis can currently be found in China, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai; Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, and Yunnan are all reported. At present, there has been a pattern of taking Shanghai as the center and spreading along the highways and railways to the provinces along the Yangtze River. 3.2 The hazards of harming Solidago canadensis are mainly manifested in the destruction of the local ecological balance and the threat to local biodiversity. This is due to the strong competitive advantage of Solidago canadensis, which is reflected in: 1. strong reproductive capacity, asexual sexual integration; 2. strong ability to spread far and near; 3. long growth period, withering or stopping growing in other autumn weeds. At the time, Solidago canadensis was still lush, yellow-green, and underground rhizomes continued to traverse and continue to encroach on the territory of other weeds, at which time other weeds were no longer able to compete. These three characteristics make it a serious threat to the local species wherever it is located, and it is easy to become a single growth area of ​​Solidago canadensis. In addition, the governance and prevention of Solidago canadensis consumes a lot of human and financial resources. In November 2004, a total of approximately 293h m2 of Canadian Solidago was extracted and incinerated in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province. A total of 110,000 person-times of manpower were invested and some were spent. 4. Allelopathy In the investigation of Solidago canadensis, it was found that in the densely growing Solidago canadensis growing area, almost no other weeds were found underground. On the one hand, because of its strong growth advantages, competing with other weeds to compete for water and competing for sunlight; on the other hand, the roots of Solidago canadensis secrete some substances that can inhibit the growth of sugarcane seedlings, and also inhibit the growth of sugarcane seedlings. Sprouting of herbs including itself. In Denmark, studies have shown that the presence of acetylene gas in its roots is estimated to inhibit the growth of other species. Does Solidago canadensis have allelopathy, what is the effect, where is the effective part, and what substance is the active ingredient of the secondary compound that is secreted? These questions need to be further analyzed. If allelopathic effects do occur, new herb-derived herbicides can be developed using the analyzed active ingredients. 5. Prevention and cure 5.1 Physical control At present, for Solidago canadensis growing areas in Canada, for the characteristics of shallow distribution of its root system, it is generally adopted the method of incineration after root extraction. Although this law is relatively thorough, it is time-consuming, labor-intensive, costly, and inefficient. Flowering branches can also be cut to reduce the amount of seed formation. This method is relatively simple but not thorough, and it cannot remove underground reproductive organs. According to observations, we found that the major hazards of Solidago canadensis are wasteland and no-tillage, which are rarely found in places where there are artificial cultivation measures. According to the Canadian Solidago seeds, poor germination potential, weak top soil capacity, etc., plowing land scattered with seeds of the Canadian Solidago flower, found that if its seeds were turned to 5 cm below the soil can not germinate and unearthed. Therefore, ploughing can be carried out on the main seeding areas of one yellow flower in the winter to cover the seeds so as to reduce the spring emergence. 5.2 Chemical control Chemical control should be the most cost-effective means of controlling Solidago canadensis. In its seedling stage or adult plant stage, glyphosate-inducible herbicides and their compounding agents can be used for control. Grams without a trace is a quick and effective but not killing underground part. Therefore, the use of glyphosate, the use of its internal absorption characteristics can kill the underground part, the control effect is better. At present, screening and identification of herbicide formulations against Solidago canadensis has not yet been reported, and research and development should be initiated in this area. 5.3 Biological Control From November to December 2004, we investigated in Nanjing and Suzhou regions that a certain moth larvae were fed on the leaves of Solidago canadensis and found human larvae and other insects in the stems of the plants. Eggs and adults (parasitic flies). Shanghai also has relevant reports. The use of these natural enemies can be considered to effectively curb the proliferation of Solidago canadensis. However, the delivery of these insects needs to consider whether it is specific to Solidago canadensis so as to ensure the safety of crops and the local ecological environment after a large number of insects are released. Therefore, these natural enemies are identified and their biological characteristics, such as their growth habits, are clearly defined, and their comprehensive evaluations, such as whether they are placed, how they are placed, and the scope of their release, need to be further studied.