SICHUAN UNIWELL BIOTECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD. , https://www.uniwellbio.com
First, the role of fertilizer and absorption dynamics
1. Nitrogen fertilizer mainly promotes shoot growth and is closely related to fruit yield. The absorption of N fertilizer by grapes begins when the soil temperature rises to 12-13°C in the budding stage. The flowering period is the largest during young flowering, the fruit coloring period is reduced, the fruit ripening period absorbs little, and the fruit is harvested after the second rooting. absorb. There is no shortage of nitrogen under normal cultivation conditions. From flowering to fruit harvesting, nitrogen fertilizer is generally not applied. Excessive nitrogenous fertilizers have caused undesirable effects such as leggy leaves, poor fruit coloration, and many diseases. The main manifestations of excessive nitrogen fertilizer are: late germination, rapid growth of a germination, mostly apex buds 1 to 2 thick, more than the lower buds dry; more than auxiliary shoots, internodes long; leaves thick, dark green, lateral The apical lobes are well developed, the leaf blade is wider, the shoots mature later, the shoots are flat, the internodes are long and straight, and the pith is large; the fruit is poorly colored and has a low sugar content. Therefore, to grasp the amount of nitrogen, fertilizer land is less applied, and more is applied in thin land.
2. Phosphate fertilizers mainly promote hairy root, flower bud differentiation and young tissue growth, but also reduce grape acid content and increase sugar content. Grapes have high requirements for phosphate fertilizer, and the absorption is about 1/3 of nitrogen fertilizer. Absorption period began at the time of injury. The growth period of new shoots and fruit enlargement period peaked, and then declined, and then absorbed after harvest. Phosphorus in fruits is mainly supplied from organs such as leaves. Phosphorus fertilizers are easily fixed by the soil and can be top-dressed or mixed with base fertilizer and phosphorus.
Potassium fertilizer is an essential element for fruit growth and maturation. When the fruit matures, potassium is transferred from the leaves to the fruit, and the potassium content of the leaves is reduced. The potassium content of the fruit is 2 times higher than that of nitrogen. The absorption period of potassium on grapes is long, and it extends from sprouting to fruit ripening. However, too much potassium will hinder the absorption of magnesium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer, often causing magnesium deficiency, that is, leaf yellowing, and the fruit quality is poor. In order to reduce magnesium deficiency disease, proper use of potassium-containing fertilizers such as grass ash and potassium sulfate is required.
4. Calcium is an element that is most absorbed by grapes and can be absorbed throughout the entire period of growth. Calcium neutralizes acids in acidic soils.
5. Magnesium is one of the ingredients that make up chlorophyll. Magnesium deficiency will cause the leaves to fade yellow, and the symptoms mostly appear in the middle period of fruit development. Acidic soils are prone to magnesium deficiency, resulting in early defoliation and decreased quality. The absorption of magnesium by grapes is 1/5 of that of nitrogen. In the collection, after the appearance of flower spikes until the fruit coloring, other periods are minimal.
Second, absorption and fertilization
1. Absorption The amount of fertilizer absorbed by a grape within a year is closely related to its growth period. For example, in the European and American hybrids, the amount of potassium absorbed in fruit is 3 times that of nitrogen. However, as far as the whole tree is concerned, the absorption of nitrogen and potassium is about the same, and the absorption of nitrogen and potassium is twice that of phosphorus.
2. Fertilizer Amount of nutrients needed within one year of the grape, in addition to the soil, natural supply, but also need to make up for its deficiency through fertilization. Formula: Fertilizer amount (required supply) The amount of absorption of the second grape itself - the amount of natural soil supply.
Third, fertilization technology
The grapes must be fertilized and adhere to: "three fertilizers" (basal fertilizer, top dressing, supplement fertilizer), "three views" (see seedling application, land application, and natural application), "three adaptations" (appropriate application, appropriate application, appropriate Shi), "three defenses" (excessive nitrogen protection, anti-phosphorus immobilization by the soil, prevention of deficiencies). The main fertilization techniques are as follows:
1. Basal fertilizer is mainly farmyard manure, which is applied during the grape dormancy period from late November to early January, so that the full effect of fertilizer can be achieved in the fruit growth period in June. Gully application is good. Generally, the depth of ditch is 40-50cm, and ponds should be expanded. The transposition should be carried out every year and be expanded year by year in order to improve the soil. Apply back cover and water to accelerate the decomposition of fertilizer and infiltration of fertilizer and water. The proportion of basal fertilizer ingredients is generally: nitrogen accounts for 30% to 40% of the annual nitrogen application rate, 80% to 100% of phosphorus, and 40% to 50% of potassium.
2. Top dressing is generally applied after the flowering of the grapes, ie, in the middle and the middle of June. The application of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is appropriate. The amount of potassium applied should account for 50% to 60% of the whole year, and the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers should be topdressed after flowering. It is necessary and safe. Generally can be topdressing once. If there is insufficient basal fertilizer, sandy soil, or too much fruit, apply nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers once during the germination period, and then top up the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers before coloring. Since phosphorus is easily fixed by soil, 0.2% to 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used for foliar spraying.
3. In order to restore the vigor, the compost should be topdressed with nitrogen immediately after harvest. The amount of fertilizer should be moderate, and too much will lead to long-term appetite and adverse winter.
4. The deficiency of boron deficiency in the disease-deficiency disease leaves is less than 18mg/kg. Sandy soil and strong sour soil are easy to cause loss of boron, causing abnormal development of flowering period. The symptom is that the corolla does not fall, buds fall, pollination and fertilization are poor, and the ear is loose. Therefore, in addition to 10 to 15 days before flowering with 0.03% borax solution even sprayed leaves, should also be applied in early March 2 borax 22.5 ~ 45kg.
Leaf manganese content below 50 mg/kg is manganese deficient, soil pH value of 8 to 9 is prone to cause manganese deficiency, resulting in poor coloration of the fruit. Control methods, after flowering, 10 to 20 days with 0.02% manganese sulfate equal amount of lime spray leaves.
Grape's requirement for nutrient elements and its fertilization technology
Since the 1980s, there have been more excellent grape varieties such as Kyoho and Olympian in various regions. According to their variety characteristics and cultivation conditions, suitable amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, magnesium, boron and other fertilizers are used to intensify fertilizer and water management, which is to seize grapes. The important factor of high quality and high yield.