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Jujube quality varieties and their cultivation techniques
Since 1994, we have introduced 25 varieties of famous jujube varieties from various jujube producing areas in China. In 1995, we also under the support of the Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology set up a study on jujube germplasm resources distributed in our city. At the same time, combined with the characteristics of various varieties, the experimental study of early fruits and high yield cultivation techniques was conducted. 1, the main fine varieties Fuchun honey. The fruit is large and relatively neat; the fruit shape is short cylindrical; the average fruit weight is 16.2g and the maximum fruit weight is 27g. Fresh red skin, smooth and clean fruit surface, very beautiful. The flesh is crisp and slag-free, and the juice is rich. The sugar content of the fresh fruit is 30%, the edible rate is 96.5%, and the quality is extremely high. The fruit is crisp in mid-August, and it is generally available in the middle and early August. At this time, other fresh dates have not yet been listed, which has great potential for development. The tree is large and tree vigor is more prosperous. Mature tree height 3.5--4.1m. The jujube head is grayish white, slightly light brown in color, and has a large amount of flowers. Adaptable, more drought-tolerant; fruit growth rarely fruit drop. Winter date. Also known as Zhanhua Dongzao, Lubei Dongzao. The fruit is large and nearly round; the average fruit weight is 14g, the maximum fruit weight is 23.2g, and the size is relatively neat; the skin is thin and brittle, and the red skin is bright, the flesh is crisp and tender and juicy, very sweet, slightly sour and pungent, no residue, The fresh sugar content was 40%, the edible rate was 96.9%, and the quality was extremely high. The fruit enters the white mature stage in late September and is fully mature in mid-October. The harvest period is long. The tree is large, the canopy opens, and the hair is medium and the branches and leaves are dense. Developed purple-brown, relatively smooth, acupuncture degeneration. Flowers are small and many, the fruit setting rate is normal, and it is necessary to carry out girdling before the flowering period to increase the yield. With strong adaptability, the results can be well grown on clay, sandy soil and light saline alkali land. Three years after colonization, the yield was moderate. Long red dates. Also known as Lizao, it is a traditional farmer's breed that is distributed in Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province. It is a fresh, dry, dual-use variety. The fruit is large and long cylindrical. The average fruit weight was 16.7g and the maximum fruit weight was 31.7g. The size was relatively neat. The peel was thin, reddish, the flesh was hypertrophic, and the juice content was small. The sugar content of the fresh jujube was 36%, the edible rate was 94.2%, and the quality was superior. The fruit entered the white mature stage at the end of August and was matured in the middle and early September. The collection period was relatively concentrated. The dry rate was 47%, and the dried dates contained 79% sugar. The tree is tall, the tree poses open, the tree is strong, and the tree is 4--5m high. Strong resistance to drought, drought, barren, can be cultivated in plains and mountains, long sting, long narrow leaves, medium flowers, fruit set, early fruit and high yield are good. Grafting seedlings can be the result of planting the year. Hong Hong jujube. For Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, specialties of fresh food and processing of dual-use varieties. Large fruit, short cylindrical; single fruit weight 40--60g, maximum fruit weight 83g, uniform degree; skin thick, red, pulp hypertrophy, medium nucleus, less juice content, fresh jujube sugar content of 33%, can The food rate is 92% and the quality is superior. The fruit is ripe at the end of September and the collection period is relatively concentrated. The tree is tall, the tree poses open, and the height of the tree is 4.5m. The thorns were degraded or absent. A few of the thorns were moderately long, with medium flowers, and fruit set was stable. However, the early fruit was poor. After three years of planting, the results could reach the end of the five years. Lizao dates. Also known as Shanxi Lizao. Originated from the Yuncheng area of ​​Shanxi. For the jujube variety. Large fruit, long round, fruit weight 25--30g, maximum fruit weight 50g, fruit surface is not very smooth, thick skin, light red, thick flesh, white, crispy flesh, juicy sweet, fresh jujube sugar 27.9%, edible rate 97%, fresh food quality and so on. Soft flesh only, storage and transportation, fruit mature in late September. The tree is large and the tree poses open. The fruit is easily cracked, and it is easy to dye anthrax, ringworm disease, and heavy fruit before harvest. It is suitable for cultivation in areas where there is little autumn rain. Snow dates. The Lunan mountainous area is a special late-mature fresh food species. The fruit is flat and round, with a single fruit weight of 27-42g and a maximum fruit weight of 80g; The fruit flesh is hypertrophic, greenish white, fresh jujube sugar content 30%, edible rate 95%, mature in mid-October, the fruit is more resistant to storage and transportation, does not crack the fruit. The tree is larger, the crown is open, and the second branch of the 1--2 year has a phenomenon of bending and sagging. Newborn jujube heads have strong ability to produce fruit and have good early yield. Big white bell jujube. The fruit is large, not very neat, most nearly spherical or elliptic, a few are head-shaped; the average fruit weight 26.8g, the largest fruit weight 42g; fruit skin thick, brown-red, beautiful, there is no obvious uneven surface fluctuations. The flesh is crunchy, with many sap, sweet, fresh jujube sugar 33%, edible rate 96%, medium quality. The fruit matures in early September and does not crack fruit. The tree is large, the tree poses open, and the branching force is medium. The height of the tree is 4.5--5m. The jujube head is reddish-brown, with acupuncture undeveloped, short or without acupuncture. High yield and stable production. Zanhuang dates. The fruit is large and neat, oblong or obovate, the average fruit weight is 17.3g, the maximum fruit weight is 29g, the peel is dark red, thick, and good in toughness. The flesh is dense and fine, medium in juice, fresh jujube sugar 35%, edible rate 96%, and superior quality. The dry rate is 47.8%. The fruit matures in late September. The tree is tall, the tree poses open, and the tree is strong. Adaptable, drought-resistant, resistant to thin, more productive. Jin Sixin No. 4. The average fruit weight is 10g, which is the largest among the fruit varieties of Jinsixiaozao. Thin skin, light brown red, dense cell pulp, fresh jujube sugar 45%, edible rate of 97.3%, quality on the extreme, at the end of September early October mature. Strong tree vigor, acupuncture saplings developed, stable fruit set, high yield and stable production. 2. Cultivation techniques (1) Garden site selection. Jujube tree is a perennial fruit tree with shallow root and strong light. Early results and long life. When constructing a garden, sandy loam should be preferred, and heavy clay should be progressively improved. Hilly or mountainous areas should be developed with either leeward or sunny slopes. Low-lying land requires good drainage, and no long-term accumulation of water or high-rise ridges can be planted. (2) Planting density. Jujube tree planting time can be carried out from the leaves to the bud before the leap year, and it is appropriate to plant the leaves after autumn. Under normal circumstances, the medium density of mountain jujube garden often uses 2mx4m row spacing, and high density can use 2mx3m row spacing. The flatland date garden can be divided into the following two density plantations according to the garden construction method: the dense planting date garden adopts a 2mx3m row spacing, north and south direction, and is mostly used for the fine variety “Shortweed†planting, especially for the suburbs and industrial and mining areas. Jujube varieties, under normal circumstances, can obtain considerable economic income in the second year after planting; intercropping date gardens should adopt 3-4mx4--6m row spacing, north-south direction. It is mostly used for intercropping of dates and grains in commercial grain production areas. (3) Soil fertilizer and water management Deep-turning and soil improvement. Usually in the late autumn or early spring soil thawing, the method is from the trunk 1m away from the canopy projection area more than 25cm, the deep layer of the soil in the jujube garden can carry out the plough of small machinery to eliminate floating roots, promote root system Under the bar, increase the soil permeability and organic matter, eliminate the overwintering pests in the soil, and sprout the black mulch before the sprouting in the spring every spring to prevent weed growth and promote the growth of the jujube roots. Shi Ji Fei. Fertilization is generally divided into two kinds: spring application and autumn application. Qiushuo is carried out from the late September to the early October after the harvest of the jujube fruit, and it is in the accumulation period of nutrients in the tree body. The root healing is also easy to heal, and it can promote the germination of new roots, which is extremely beneficial to the growth and development of the jujube. Basal fertilizer is dominated by organic fertilizers, and some of the available fertilizers are properly combined. Commonly used base fertilizers include compost, ring fertilizer, crop stalks, green manure, human waste, etc., and quick-acting fertilizers include potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and fruit tree-specific compound fertilizer. In the 1- 2 years after planting Muji base fertilizer 2000--3000kg, 3 years after Mushi basal fertilizer 4000--5000kg, Shiji fertilizer should be diverted into the method. Chase fertilizer water. Top dressing is carried out during the growing season of jujube trees. The first time before germination, the application time is suitable for the first 10-15 days before germination, and the adult cultivars apply 0.5 kg of urea per plant. When fertilizing, dig 3- 5 radial fertilization channels around 30 cm from the trunk. General ditch depth 10 - 20cm, length 30 - 40cm; the first time in the early flowering period, the amount of fertilizer should not be too large; the third time in fruit enlargement, the topdressing in physiological fruiting period, with phosphorus, potash fertilizer Mainly supplemented by nitrogen fertilizer, each plant applies 0.5 mg of calcium phosphate plus 0.1 kg of potassium and magnesium fertilizers. This application of potassium fertilizer is more important for fruit development and fruit quality improvement. At the same time, the foliar fertilizer can also be applied according to the growth conditions. It generally starts from the beginning of the bud season in early May, and ends in August when the fruit matures. It is performed once every 15 days to 20 days. 0.3% urea was sprayed from the bud to the flowering stage; 0.3% urea and phytochemicals were sprayed during the fruit expansion period to the harvest period. During the period of fruit nutrient reflux after fruit harvesting in autumn, the bearing capacity of the leaf surface is enhanced, and the concentration of spray fertilizer can be appropriately increased. Under normal circumstances, the whole year can be watered 4 times before germination, flowering, young fruit and soil thawing, and it is generally combined with topdressing. (4) Shaping. The shape of the tree adopts a free conical shape with a large load, which is conducive to early results and early yield. The specific operation method is to keep one main branch every 25--30cm away from the ground above 35--40cm. The length of the main branch is short (about 60cm), and the shape of the main branch is narrow and conical. The result of branching on each main branch is generally lower 4-4-5 and upper 3--4. Four to five secondary toppings were left in each result branch. As a result, the branch groups were not crowded with each other on the main branch and did not overlap. Canopy grows up to the required level and falls back. For cross-branches and upright branches with no use value between the main branches, they should be eliminated from the base early. Results When the ability of the branch group is reduced, appropriate dates can be selected from the base to re-cultivate, and the main branch can be shortened again to stimulate the buds to sprout the date to cultivate a new main branch or result branch group. (5) Flower and fruit management. The first is to pick up the development branches and secondary branches before the flowering period, which can inhibit the growth of shoots. The second is spraying water during the flowering period to increase the air humidity. The third is to spray gibberellin to ensure stable fruit setting. The spraying time is appropriate to flower an average of 4-6 flowers per jujube. The spraying concentration of gibberellin was 10x10 (upper right-6) - 15x10 (upper right-6). The fourth is to put bees in the Zaoyuan. To effectively reduce fruit drop, spray 7×10 (top right-6) naphthalene acetic acid twice a day 30–40 days before harvesting. (6) Pest control. Before the sprout, spray the first wave of 3 - 5 degrees lime sulfur mixture, from May to July, spray every 15 - 20 days 1 times 1000 times enemy killed 1500 times diflubenzuron 3, prevent and control jujube , Jujube, jujube bud and other pests. After August, spray 2--4 times 800 times 40% carbendazim or 25% triadimefon or equivalent Bordeaux mixture to prevent and control jujube rust, jujube anthracnose and so on.