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Calendula
General situation: Jinjuju, also known as calendula, is a plant of the genus Compositae. Calendula officinalis is a dwarf plant with dense flowers, colorful flowers, and a long flowering period. It is the most common herbaceous flower in early spring gardens and cities. Chrysanthemum is native to Europe and has a long history of cultivation in Europe. It is widely used in home gardens and potted plants. In the planting troughs and sporadic corner flower beds on the streets of the city, Calendula officinalis is one of the protagonists in the early spring. Due to the continuous emergence of new species and new varieties of flowers, the status of Calendula officinalis declined slightly. However, there are still many new varieties of Jin Luju. So far, Thompson Morgan of the United Kingdom and Danziger Flower of Israel have been known in Europe for the breeding and production of Calendula officinalis, and their new varieties have been cultivated all over the world. The cultivation of Calendula officinalis in China was imported from abroad after the 18th century, and potted marigolds have appeared in the future. During the Qian Long period of the Qing Dynasty, the production of gold calendula was seen in the outskirts of Shanghai. After the founding of New China, Jin Luju was widely cultivated in gardens and used in potted plants and flower beds. Since the 1980s, when the double-blossoms, large-flowers and dwarf calendula were introduced into China, the appearance of calendula officinale is now a new one. Now it has become one of the important herbal flowers in China. Morphological characteristics and varieties: Jinjuju is a biennial herb. Whole plant coat. Leaves alternate, oblong. Head flower solitary, flower diameter of about 5 cm, yellow, orange, orange red, white and other colors, there are double flap, curly flap and green heart, dark purple flower heart and other cultivars. Common species are bonbon, 30 cm in height, compact flowers, flower diameter 5-7 cm, yellow, apricot, orange, etc. The Fistagitaa festival (fiestagitana) has a plant height of 25-30 cm, early flowering, double flowering, flowering diameter 5 cm, yellow, orange, and bi-color. Kablouna series, 50 cm in height, large flowers, golden, orange, lemon yellow, apricot, etc., with a dark floral heart, including the 1998 new species of kablounalemon cream, Beige ray flower, flower heart lemon yellow. The red top (touchofred), plant height 40-45 cm, flower double petals, flower diameter 6 cm, flowers red, yellow and red / yellow color, the top of each ray flower is red. Gem series, plant height 30 cm, flower double petals, flower diameter 6 to 7 cm, color lemon yellow, golden. Among them, dwarfgem is more famous. In addition, the holy day guitar, dwarf species, flowers, double flap, flower diameter 8 to 10 cm. Auspicious, very dwarf species, strong branching, large flowers, double petals, flower diameter 7 to 8 cm. There are lemon queens and orange kings. Biological characteristics: Calendula officinalis is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean coast. Cold, heat, and sunshine. Calendula officinalis has a suitable growth temperature of 7-20°C, seedlings can tolerate cold temperatures of -9°C in winter, and adult plants with 0°C are suitable. If the temperature is too low, it needs to be protected by a thin film, otherwise the blades are susceptible to freezing damage. In winter temperatures above 10°C, Calendula officinalis grows. In summer, the temperature rises, the stems and leaves grow vigorously, the flowers become smaller, and the petals are significantly reduced. Calendula officinalis seedlings is better, which is beneficial to the growth of stems and leaves, and winter to improve cold resistance. It is advisable for adult plants to dry slightly to control the growth of stems and leaves so as not to cause leggy growth. Indoor or shed cultivation, the air humidity should not be too high, otherwise it is vulnerable to disease. Ventilation should be strengthened to adjust the indoor humidity. Calendula cineraria grows well in the sun, especially when it is cultivated in winter or in shed cultivation, which requires sufficient sunshine. This is beneficial to the growth of stems and leaves, and the seedlings grow stably and neatly. If there is too much rain and snow, there is not enough light, and the leaves of the base tend to yellow, and even the roots rot and die. The soil is preferably fertile, loose and well-drained sandy loam or cultured soil. The best soil pH is 6-7. This way the plants are more branched and have more flowers. Breeding method: Calendula officinalis is mainly used for sowing propagation. Often sowing in autumn or early spring greenhouse sowing, per gram of seeds 100 to 125, the germination suitable temperature is 20 ~ 22 °C, potted soil to be disinfected, after sowing 3 mm, about 7 to 10 days of germination. Seed germination rate of 80% to 85%, seed germination valid for 2 to 3 years. Cultivation and management: Seedlings of 3 seedlings are transplanted once. When they are 5 to 6 true leaves, they are planted in 10-12 cm pots. 7 to 10 days after colonization, pinching promoted branching or sprayed with 0.4% longer solution for 1 or 2 times to control plant height. During the growing season, apply fertilizer once every half month, or use Huiyou 20-20-20 general fertilizer. The fertilizer is sufficient, and the calendula flower bloom is large and large. On the contrary, the fertilizer is insufficient and the flowers are significantly smaller and degenerate. In the flowering period, no flowering is allowed, and the withered flowers are cut off, so that the flowering branches can be germinated, bloom more, and extend the flowering period. To retain the species to choose flowers, pure varieties of plants, should be collected in the sunny, to prevent shedding. Pest control: Calendula officinalis, such as indoor cultivation, due to poor ventilation and humidity. Frequent blight and downy mildew diseases occur, and can be sprayed with 65% dexamethasone WP 500 times. When the temperature rises in early summer, the rust disease is often found in the leaves of Calendula officinalis, and it is sprayed with 50% Versilin WP 2000 times. Early spring flowering season is susceptible to spider mites and aphids. 40% omethoate EC can be sprayed with 1000 times. Postpartum treatment: Calendula flowers are bright yellow, green leaves, very eye-catching. The potted plants are placed in public places such as the central square, the station, and commercial buildings. Under the sunlight, they are glittering and glittering, presenting a splendid scene. Several pots decorate the window sill or balcony, and golden flowers of Calendula officina make the room brighter and more comfortable. Of course, in the kindergarten and elementary school campuses, a long round leaf and round flowers are also the best materials for children's sketches. In order to supply the market for the whole year, potted calendula can also be stored indoors. The first flower of Jin Juju is often placed under light conditions of 10°C and 7500 lux, and it can maintain good conditions for more than 30 days. For the production of Calendula seedlings, the seedlings can be irrigated first, stored at 1.1-4.4°C and lighted for 14 hours a day, and stored for 15 days, still maintaining their original state.