Antipyretic:
Something that
reduces fever or quells it.
There are 3 classes
of antipyretic medications that are sold OTC (over-the-counter) without
prescription:
Salicylates --
aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), choline salicylate (Arthropan), magnesium
salicylate (Arthriten), and sodium salicylate (Scot-Tussin Original);
Acetaminophen
(Tylenol); and
Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) -- ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Naprosyn,
Aleve), and ketoprofen.
From anti-,
against + the Greek pyretos, fever from pyr, fire. The same root gives rise to
pyrexia, a medical term for fever.
Antipyretic, from
the Greek anti, against, and pyreticus, pertaining to fever, are substances
that reduce fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override a
prostaglandin-induced increase in temperature. The body then works to lower the
temperature, resulting in a reduction in fever.
Most antipyretic
medications have other purposes. The most common antipyretics in the United
States are ibuprofen and aspirin, which are used primarily as pain relievers.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are antipyretic,
anti-inflammatory, and pain relievers.
Pain-killer:
Painkiller is any
member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
Analgesic drugs
act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems. They are
distinct from anesthetics, which reversibly eliminate sensation. Analgesics
include paracetamol (known in North America as acetaminophen or simply APAP),
the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, and
opioid drugs such as morphine and oxycodone.
In choosing
analgesics, the severity and response to other medication determines the choice
of agent; the World Health Organization (WHO) pain ladder specifies mild
analgesics as its first step.
Analgesic choice
is also determined by the type of pain: For neuropathic pain, traditional analgesics
are less effective, and there is often benefit from classes of drugs that are
not normally considered analgesics, such as tricyclic antidepressants and
anticonvulsants.
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Colorful squid, characteristics, habits and feeding experience
From the end of 2001, our company has been the first in the country to introduce the colorful squid eggs from Canada. It has been three years since it began. Through the observation, exploration, experimentation and research of the colorful carp in the breeding process in the past few years, we have summed up the “control of egg collection anesthesiaâ€, “insemination time controlâ€, “incubation lighting controlâ€, “acclimation breeding, and disease preventionâ€. "Treatment of diseases" and "new varieties of hybrids" and a series of more mature methods and techniques. After years of practice, we found that the colorful carp is indeed a very good cold water variety. Colorful squid is not only colorful (some people even feed this fish as ornamental fish), but also has a delicious taste (natural flesh is orange or orange, crystal clear, taste is smooth and tender), and grows fast (higher growth rate than rainbow trout). 10%～20%, 20%～30% higher than Arctic spotted otters, with great market potential (the market has been in short supply in two years), good economic returns (the wholesale price is 28.00～30.00 yuan per pound, the retail price has reached 80.00 yuan A pound). With the increasing awareness of the domestic colorful squid, this new type of cold water is also becoming more and more popular. Through the understanding of some aquaculture units that purchased our colorful eel fry (such as Yongchang in Gansu, Benxi in Liaoning, Yanqing in Beijing, and Yanji in Jilin, Changbaishan, etc.), they all achieved good results. The native species of colorful salmon is located in the Labrador area in eastern Canada. Since most of the water systems in the northeastern states of North America are connected, traces of colorful squid can be seen in the waters of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Therefore, it is believed that the native habitat of the colorful squid is also insufficient in the northeast region of North America. odd. Compared with other squid or squid, the characteristics of the colorful squid are unique and very easy to distinguish. There is no black spot on the back of the squid on the back of the colorful squid, but it is covered with a scalloped olive green pattern. Because of their small fish scales, many people think that the colorful carp is a scaleless fish. The numerous red-colored red dots on their bodies are embedded in sky-blue rings, and are as dazzling and elegant as the Queen's jewelry. Under the fins of the colorful carp, there is a milky white skirt. Although this white side is one of the main differences between carp and other carp, the white side of the carp is brighter and brighter than other carp. Different seasons or different regions will have a certain influence on the color of the colorful squid. Colorful squid that live in the ocean or deep in the lake, the body color is very light, almost silvery white. The colourful fish that live in streams or rivers are very colorful. This is mainly due to the fact that the acid content in the river water (ie, lower pH) is relatively high, while the seawater or lake water contains high alkali content (ie, higher pH). Among all squid strains, the colorful squid has a strong adaptability to environmental changes. Especially when the temperature and pH of the water drastically change, it has a strong adaptability. Although the optimal growth water temperature for colorful salmon is between 13oC and 18oC, its survival temperature range is between 1oC and 22oC. However, it can survive for hours even when the water temperature exceeds 25.6oC. However, if the water temperature is below 10oC for a long time, the growth of the colorful carp is almost in a state of stagnation. Adults in this environment generally do not exceed 15 to 20 centimeters. The adaptability range of pH value of the color catfish is between pH=4.8 and pH=9.8. The lowest reachable pH = 3.5! Therefore, in a body of water with such a high acidity, the colorful squid may be the only surviving cold-water species. Colorful squids do not like the deep environment. Although she can adapt to very deep water levels, especially in reservoirs or lakes, she rarely swims to a depth of 4-6 meters (unless the water surface temperature is quite high). During the course of studying at the Aquaculture Laboratory of Cornell University in the United States, I noticed that when the colorful carp seedlings grow to a length of 5 cm, a depth of about 40 cm is appropriate (including adult fish). The flow rate of water should not be too fast. Compared with other catfish, the colorful carp prefers low-flow waterways. For example, seedlings prefer a flow rate of about 16 centimeters per second. Fingerlings (fingers of about the length of a finger) prefer flow rates of 15 to 55 centimeters per second. Fishes prefer lower flow rates of about 10 centimeters per second. . Colorful squid is very complex and eats anything. But seldom eat small fish unless the fish are weak. Professor Michael of Cornell University once said to me: “For over 30 years, I dissected and observed thousands of wild colorful squid. I rarely found that they had small fish in the stomach, unless there were fewer insects in the winter. in the case of". The colorful squid is not very picky about the ingredients of the feed. It can be said that what she feeds her is what she eats, and her appetite is extremely high. Therefore, it is also an ideal variety for leisure fishing. In the ideal conditions of water quality and temperature, the colorful carp grows very quickly. In general, it can reach 1.2 to 1.5 kg in the second year. After the third year, the growth rate began to slow down and rarely reached 4 to more than kilograms. If it is in a reservoir or a lake, it can grow to more than 5 kg, and there are also records of over 7 kg in weight, but it is rarely seen. Colorful squid is the smallest of all squid strains. It usually matures in two years, but it matures in a few years or matures in three years. Spawning period in the fall, 2 to 4 months earlier than rainbow trout. Depending on the geographical environment, the spawning period may be slightly later or earlier. At the beginning of the spawning period, the white rims along the fins of the fins are brighter and the colors on the body are more beautiful, especially the male fish. The upper jaw is curled up like a razor blade, wearing a red brocade-like shirt, and it looks extremely powerful and magnificent. Every three or four weeks before the arrival of the spawning period, the color of the male body began to become more vivid, and the teeth of the lower lip became more prominent and sharper as the mandible gradually ascended. In the natural environment, males in the mating period have a strong sense of "territory" and a sense of "guarding their wives." And (in the process of mating) implement a strict "monogamy" system. Although the males are inevitably involved in the selection of the "bride," they generally do not fight you to death. After the female has chosen a good spawning site, use a powerful tail to dig a round pit. Females are inseminated at any time while spawning. At this time the male fish is extremely aggressive and must not allow other fish to approach. When collecting eggs manually, it is better to use anesthetic eggs. This will not harm the broodstock or the eggs. The specific method of operation is to prepare a large cylinder of clear water, and then adjust the right amount of anesthetic, the broodstock is put into the tank about 3 to 5 minutes after the loss of consciousness. At this time, it will not hurt the fish when it starts to pick eggs, and it will not be laborious. The efficiency can be greatly improved, and the survival rate of the eggs and broodstock after birth is very high. After the egg is picked up, the broodstock is put back into the clear water tank and it can be revived after about 5 minutes. The development of fish eggs after fertilization is not much different from other salmon. At a water temperature of 10oC, the membrane can break for about 45 days, and at a water temperature of 3oC, the membrane breaks for about 160 days. After membrane rupture, seedlings grow by absorbing nutrients from their oocysts. When the oocysts are about to be depleted (about 1/3), they are started to feed the open bait. It is very important to accurately grasp the feeding timing of the opening materials to improve the survival rate of the seedlings. There are about 25 kinds of microbial pathogens that can cause the disease of colorful carp. These include 5 species of flukes, 4 species of aphids, 4 species of nematodes, 2 species of thorny worms, 1 species of copepods, 5 species of virgin organisms, 2 species of bacteria, and 2 species of fungi. However, these microorganisms do not generally cause severe damage to the colorful squid, unless the fish are subjected to excessive pressure under certain special environmental conditions, such as excessive water temperature, low dissolved oxygen, excessive water contamination, and so on. Any of these three situations will cause the epidemic of gill disease caused by bacteria. However, once the environmental factors have improved and the fish's stress has eased, this epidemic disease will soon diminish. In environments where fish ponds are relatively wide, stocking densities are relatively large, and water flow rates are relatively slow, the colorful carp is more susceptible to viral infections, and generally only females can infect this pathogen. Males do not usually infect. The site of infection is usually in the cervix or fin, and sometimes people call it a fleas. To avoid the epidemic, increasing the water flow rate is an ideal way to prevent the disease. Colorful salmon are rarely infected with two or more diseases at the same time. In general, to avoid the occurrence or epidemic of any disease, the best way is to develop a habit of regular disinfection and insecticide, and to implement regular disinfection and insecticide as a daily rule and regulations. Crossing with other squid with colorful squid can get better and unexpected results. We conducted a cross-breeding trial of colorful salmon with rainbow trout or goldfish. The test was divided into two groups. The first group was male rainbow trout and female colorful rainbow trout hybrid. The second group was the opposite, that is, the male rainbow trout and the female rainbow trout were crossed. These two groups hybridized slightly differently after hatching. The fish of the first group of hybrids had no difference in color and characteristics from the rainbow trout, only a short, white edge was visible at the bottom of the fins, but its flesh quality was better than rainbow trout, and the colorful trout The same meat quality. The color of the meat (without any food coloring in the feed) is orange or orange, crystal clear, and smooth and tender. The growth rate is not significantly different from that of rainbow trout, but the disease resistance is slightly stronger than rainbow trout. The fish hatched in the second group was lighter in color, with a squiggly light-colored marking on the body, and the white edges at the bottom of the fins were clearly visible. Strong disease resistance, the growth rate is significantly faster than rainbow trout. The meat is the same as the colorful carp. Therefore, we believe that the new varieties obtained by crossing the rainbow trout (male) with the rainbow trout (female) will have great promotion potential. However, we still need to make further observations, studies, and experiments on this work. (Beijing Zhongjia Fenghua Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Liu Shankai)