According to the site of fungal infection,it can be divided into superficial fungal infection and deep fungal infection, superficial fungal infection is caused by ringworm infection of the skin, hair, fingers, toe fingers. The incidence rate is high with less harmful. Deep fungal infection is caused by Candida and cryptococcal invasion of internal organs and deep tissue, the incidence is low with big harmful. Classified based on mechanism action classification can be divided into (1) Antifungal agents for sterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes (2) Antifungal agents for fungal cell wall synthesis (3) Antifungal agents acting on nucleic acid synthesis, The Antifungal drugs easily affect the white blood cells and liver function, if in long-term use,it may caused a transient increase in GPT or leukopenia, withdrawal is normal.
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How to correctly design feed formula
Feed is the material basis for animal husbandry production. The pros and cons of feed formulation are directly related to the economic benefit of aquaculture or feed enterprises. Therefore, it is of great significance to correctly design the feed formulation and maximize the economic benefits of animal husbandry production. First, the design principle of feed formula 1, the principle of scientific and advanced. The feed formulation contains advanced knowledge of animal nutrition, feed, raw material properties and analysis, and quality control. The nutrition indicators must be based on scientific standards, which can meet the needs of various components of animals in different growth stages. The indicators have a reasonable proportion relationship and have good palatability and utilization of the corresponding feeds. . Scientificity is the basic principle of feed formulation design. 2, physiological principles. The palatability of the feed directly affects the animal's feed intake. If the rapeseed cake is poor in palatability, it should be used alone in the diet and the ratio should not be too high. Otherwise, the food intake will be reduced. If it is combined with bean cake, it will not only improve the palatability, but also provide a reasonable mix of various feeds. The complementary effects of various nutrients increase the digestibility and nutritional value of the diet. 3, economic and market principles. In animal husbandry production expenditures, feed costs account for about 70-80% of the total cost, so when rations are allocated, local feed resources should be fully exploited according to local conditions, carefully planned, and costs reduced. Feed formula should start from the economical and practical principle. Whether or not high-input high-yield or low-input, low-yield feeding strategies are used in production depends mainly on the market. For local breeds of livestock and poultry and free-range households can design lower-end formula, foreign varieties, high-quality breeds and scale farms should design high-end formula. When the price of feed ingredients in the market is low and the price of livestock products is relatively high, high-grade feed products should be designed to achieve better feeding results and better feed conversion rates. When the feed price in the market is firm and the sales of livestock products are sluggish and the price goes down, lower-grade feed products can be designed to achieve low-cost feeding and maintain the general production level. 4, the principle of security and legality. Formulation design must comply with the state's laws and regulations on feed production, such as "Regulations on the Administration of Feed and Feed Additives", "Regulations on the Administration of Veterinary Drugs of the People's Republic of China", "Safety Requirements for Agricultural Products of Safety and Quality for Agricultural Products," and so on. It is forbidden to use hormone drugs such as "Clenbuterol" to control the use of high-copper and high-zinc, and try to use green feed additives (such as multi-enzymes, probiotics, and Chinese herbal medicines, etc.) to improve the intrinsic quality of feed products and make them safe and non-reliable. Poison, no drug residues, no pollution, in line with nutrition indicators, sensory indicators, health indicators. Second, a reasonable method of feed formulation design Feed formula design should be based on the provisions of the feeding standard for a variety of nutrients need to select the appropriate feed, and then use feed ingredients and nutritional value table, calculate the design of the feed formula meet the various standards in the feeding Nutritional requirements. At present, the feed formula design methods mainly include algebraic method, trial difference method, and computer matching method. Algebraic method The method of using a binary one-equation system to balance the ratio of two (or two) feed ingredients, one of the most important nutritional indicators, is characterized by a simple method but only one nutrient index can be balanced. The trial-and-error method is based on feeding the standard nutrient requirement, and preliminary formulating the proportion of various components of the diet, taking each nutrient content of each component and the requirement of each nutrient in the feed feeding standard respectively. In comparison, the difference that emerges is then adjusted by the method of adjusting the proportion of the ration to meet the nutritional needs. The characteristic is that if there is experience, the formulation is fast, but the blindness is large, and the nutrition index cannot be balanced very accurately. The computer matching method uses the principle of linear programming to balance the formula of the feed through the computer and seeks the lowest cost formula. However, there are disadvantages such as the computer's mechanical performance of commands, high investment, and inconvenient carrying. At present, it is common for farmers to use trial and error method to calculate feed formula. Third, the design of feed formulations should pay attention to several issues 1, formula nutrition levels should be appropriate. Focus on the balance, full price, and effectiveness of nutrition. Poultry feed formula should pay attention to the proportion of energy protein that is adapted, and the pig's feed formula should pay attention to the matching of the ideal protein. Any feed formula must achieve a balance of calcium and phosphorus as well as mineral elements and multi-dimensional comprehensive, moderate additions. 2. Pay attention to the priorities of nutrients. The increase in nutrition indicators provided by feed ingredients and the improvement of feeding standards require that it is impossible for dozens of nutrients in feed formulas to meet “standards†at the same time. Due to a variety of factors, different animals have different priorities for various nutrient substances. For example, cows: The order of nutrients is: cellulose → energy → protein → non-degradable protein → mineral → vitamin → other; poultry: energy → protein → mineral → vitamin → other; non-ruminant: protein → energy → mineral → Vitamins → cellulose → other. Therefore, the order must be taken into account when designing the recipe. 3, pay attention to the limited amount of certain raw materials. Restricted materials mainly consider two aspects. First, the material contains undesirable factors, such as cottonseed cake contains free gossypol, toxic, and gossypol can also be combined with lysine in the feed, affect protein absorption, can be used after detoxification, but to limit; rapeseed cake containing Glucosinolates. Therefore, it is better not to use cottonseed cake and rapeseed cake in the feed formulation for breeding livestock, piglets and layer chickens. It can be properly used in the growth of fattening pig feed, with 5-10% of cottonseed cake or 3-6% of rapeseed cake. The second is to use reasonable, balanced nutrition and limit, such as bran material, high-quality fish meal and so on. The use of green feed also requires quantification, but also pay attention to the nutrients of the basic ingredients. In short, we must determine the amount of roughage and concentrate feeds, protein feeds, and energy feeds, as well as the amount of various additives, based on species and growth stages. Otherwise, they will be wasted due to improper use, reduced digestion and absorption rates.