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Winter and spring cultivation techniques of greenhouse muskmelon
Thick-skinned muskmelon, also called muskmelon, has many varieties. It is loved by people for its delicate meat, crunchy and juicy, sweet and sweet, and shelf-stable. Introduce the demonstration of thick-skinned melon cultivation, and achieve a production value of 12,000 to 16,000 yuan per 667 square meters for a single crop. The systematic cultivation and management techniques are as follows. First, the selection of varieties Winter and spring cultivation must ensure that the harvest is mature before the arrival of the rainy season. Therefore, early varieties and middle-maturing varieties should be used in varieties. According to current market consumption habits, yellow skin varieties are better sold than white skin varieties. After the introduction test, we selected the best variety is the champion, followed by Hua Mulan. Champion muskmelon is a hybrid generation grown by Nongyou Seedling Co., Ltd. The output of 667 square meters can reach 4000kg. Second, sowing nursery 1. The sowing period of winter warm greenhouses is usually from mid-December to late January, and the planting period is from late January to late February. According to practice, the period of safe colonization of greenhouses is around March 5, and the cultivation of greenhouses is sown in late January and early February. 2. Seedling Preparation Winter and spring seedlings are in the cold season, so there must be a hotbed or greenhouse for heating equipment. Can be used to hold a small greenhouse in the greenhouse to raise seedlings. General seedbed length 5 ~ 6m, width 1m. Seed bed heating can be laid in the bed power of 100 ~ 120W/m2 heating line, fire pit can also be used to warm seedlings, but the temperature of the fire trough breeding bed is not easy to stabilize, so to use electric hotbed nursery is better. In order to protect the root system, nutrient seedlings are used. The nutritious soil is prepared by mixing six Daejeon topsoil and four fully decomposed cyclists. Then add 1 kg of superphosphate, 3-5 kg ​​of plant ash, 60 g of trichlorfon, 80 mg of carbendazim, and 80 g of thiophanate methyl (or dextromethorphan) per cubic meter of nutrient soil. Mix well and cover with plastic film. Boring 10-15 days, can be loaded into plastic nursery bags (bags), tightly in the seedbed to be broadcast. 3. Seeds sowed before sowing should be soaked, germinated, and disinfected. Place the seeds in warm water of 50 to 60 °C, stir until the water temperature drops to 30 °C, continue soaking for 4 to 5 hours, and then remove and use 0.1% potassium permanganate or 50% carbendazim 500~ 600 times liquid soaking 15-20min disinfection, in order to control the virus disease can also be used 10% trisodium phosphate solution soaking. After the seeds were sterilized, they were washed with clean water, wrapped in wet gauze, and germinated at 28-30°C. Warm the bed 1 to 2 days before sowing, so that the temperature is stable above 15°C, and feed the seedlings with water. When the radicles stick out white, they can be sown. Each nutrient seeded a germinated seed, covered with 1~1.5cm thick, after the cover film heating, the seedbed buckled a small arch shed, if necessary, at night a small arch covered with straw or wheat grass. 4. Management of seedbed management Seedbed is mainly controlled by temperature and humidity. The temperature during the day before emergence is maintained at 28~32°C and 17~20°C at night. After emergence, the temperature should be properly reduced to prevent leggy. During the day, the temperature can drop to 22~25°C and nighttime to 15~17°C. After the appearance of true leaves, the temperature should be raised appropriately. The daytime temperature should be maintained at 25~28°C and nighttime at 17~19°C. Ventilation is possible when the temperature of the shelf exceeds 28°C. During the nursery period, as long as it is pouring enough water, it is generally no longer pouring large amounts of water, drought can use watering can spray water, when the humidity in the seedbed is too high, you can sprinkle some dry soil or ash to reduce humidity. In the seedbed, damping-off occurs frequently due to low temperature and high humidity, so it should be promptly released. Even in cold weather, if the humidity in the bed is too high, it should be ventilated and ventilated as appropriate; it is also possible to spray the roots with a 500% solution of 64% antiviral agent or 600% solution of 75% chlorothalonil WP. Third, colonization 1. One of the preparations before planting is to prepare as early as possible, advance the sheds, and open the cover at night to increase the temperature inside the shed so that the 10 cm deep ground temperature is stable at 14°C or higher. The second is to carry out the hardening of seedlings 1 week before planting, which can use 200-fold dilute liquor of Shenli Brand Yi'an, spray once every two days, and spray 2 or 3 times in order to develop the root system and cultivate the best seedlings. The amount of ventilation on the large seed bed is such that the temperature is close to the transplanting ambient temperature. The third is to do a good job in site preparation, fertilization, rafting, and ridge work, 10 to 15 days before planting, watering, stinging, deep turning, fine hoeing, and leveling, combined with soil preparation and decomposing chicken manure every 667 square meters 2500~3500kg , superphosphate 50kg, diammonium phosphate 50kg, black beans 100kg (cooked). After spreading the fertilizer, 0.5 kg of phoxim 0.5 g per 667 m 2 was sprayed after diluting 50 times, and turned over with turning soil. The melons of the melons are happy and suitable for wide ridge planting. The plots are first made into 1m wide stilts (20cm high) and 50cm wide low ridges (jobs), and then 2 high 15cm ridges are made on the sorghum. The median distance between the two ridges is 80-85cm, and the seedlings are planted on ridges with 1 row per ridge. For sheds that have been planted with cucurbit vegetables, 1.5kg of carbendazim WP can be applied per 667m2 of ridges to disinfect the soil. 2. The appropriate seedlings for colonization and planting seedlings were 30-day, 3-leaf, 1-heart seedlings. Planting seedlings should be selected in the eye-catching afternoon 2 to 5 points, in order to ease the seedlings, according to the spacing of 45cm, first digging nest (shallow) on the ridge to plant seedlings, and then pouring enough water, the water penetration after the cover soil ridge. The depth of seedlings is not to be buried in the cotyledons, and should not be too deep or too shallow. Immediately after planting, the mulch film and buckled greenhouse film should be covered to help improve the temperature of the shed. IV. Management after planting After the greenhouse temperature is adjusted and planted, in order to increase the temperature of the greenhouse and promote seedling growth, the greenhouse film must be detained strictly, and the grasshopper must be uncovered in time; before flowering and fruit setting, the temperature in the greenhouse is maintained at 25-28°C during the day and 16-18°C at night. When the temperature of the greenhouse exceeds 28°C, the ventilation of the greenhouse film must be opened. With the growth of the plants and the increase of the ambient temperature, the ventilation openings will gradually increase from small to large, and the ventilation volume will increase from as little as possible. After fruit set, the daytime shelf temperature requirements will be 28 to 32°C. , not more than 35 °C, at night around 15-18 °C, maintaining a temperature difference of more than 13 °C, while requiring sufficient light to facilitate the accumulation of sugar and improve fruit quality. 2. Pruning and confinement greenhouse thick melon cultivation should be strictly pruning, are used vertical cultivation. Pruning, according to species characteristics and cultivation needs, single vine pruning or double vine pruning. Take the example of thick skin muskmelon, double vine pruning, single vine pruning as an auxiliary. When the single vine is pruned by the seed vine, the seedlings grow up to 4 to 5 true leaves and pick up their hearts, keeping the robust vines growing. The remaining vines are all removed. When the double vine pruning is performed, the side vines are selected to leave two parallel-grown vines after the growth of the side vines, so as to make the fruits evenly and beautifully and improve the commercial quality of the fruits. Weak seedlings can adopt the method of single vine pruning to facilitate the coordinated growth of plants and increase the fruit setting rate. For hanging, you can use a nylon rope or a twine to pull the vine. It is best to use a white nylon rope that is resistant to high temperatures. One end of the rope is fixed on the root and neck of the plant, and the other end is tied with a knot on the horizontal pull wire on the roof. As the vine spreads, the vine is wound on the rope and the tendril on the vine is cut off. To reduce nutrient loss and promote plant growth. 3. Pollination, fruit retention, pollination pollination can be artificial pollination or bee pollination. Artificial pollination involves opening the male flower from 8:30am to 10:30am in the morning when the female flower at the reserved section of the plant is open. The petals are removed, and the stamen pollen is gently applied on the stigma of the pistil. 2 leaves topping; can also be used to draw pollen on the male flowers, gently smear on the female styling head. Pollination dates should be marked after pollination to facilitate harvesting. Bees should pollinate 1 box of bees in each shed 2 days before flowering. Using bee pollination can significantly increase the fruit setting rate, reduce the occurrence of malformed fruit, and improve the fruit quality and flavor. Keep fruit, when the young fruit grows to the size of the egg, you should choose to stay in the melon, there are two ways to stay in the melon and stay in the melon. The single layer stays in the melon section of the vine, in the main vine's section 9-12; the double layer stays in the guava leaves one tier of melon in the vine's verses 9-12, 17-21. Plants have good vegetative growth, which can reduce the fruit setting, and vice versa. Generally, the small fruit type can leave 2 melons per layer per plant, while the large fruit variety has only 1 melon per layer. The principle of staying melon is to select the fruit type Zhou Zhenghe to meet the characteristics of the varieties, and to select the fast-growing, same-sized pollinated melons; the melons should be moderately medicated, and the melons in the lower layers should be properly preserved. In the upper level, the upper melon should be properly low. Practice has proved that in the case of early planting and strong plant growth, the double-layered melon can increase production by 50%. Hang melon, when the young melon grows to 0.5kg, should be hoisted in time. The rope is tied with a knot to the cucurbit pedicel near the fruit, and the vine is hoisted to a position that is level with the seated guarana. 4. Management of fertilizer and watering Watering should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of “cold-tail warmerâ€. It should be carried out in the sunny morning. After such watering, the temperature will rise rapidly. In cloudy days or evenings, it is generally not watered. After planting, the seedlings should be irrigated once every 5-7 days. However, because the seedlings need less water and the amount of ground evaporation is small, the amount of watering should be controlled. Too much water will affect the elevation of temperature and the growth of seedlings. To extend the vine, apply nitrogen fertilizers as appropriate, with the appropriate application of phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, apply urea 10~15kg per 667 square meters, 15kg of ammonium phosphate, watering immediately after fertilization. Within 1 week after flowering, water should be controlled to prevent the plants from becoming long and affect fruit setting. Swelling period is the period when the plants need the most fertilizer and water, 15kg of potassium sulfate and 20kg of diammonium phosphate per 667 square meters. Every 7 to 10 days before pouring water, depending on soil moisture conditions. When the double layer of melons is left, the third fertilizer can be applied again in the upper layer of melons, and 10 to 20 kg of potassium sulfate and 10 to 15 kg of ammonium phosphate are applied every 667 square meters. In addition to the application of quick-acting chemical fertilizers, decomposed chicken manure, bean cake, etc. can also be applied during the swelling period with water, and 250 kg per 667 square meters. During the growth period, foliar application of 2-3 potassium dihydrogen phosphate, compound fertilizer and other foliar fertilizers can be sprayed to promote plant growth and development. Water should be strictly controlled about 10 days before maturity, otherwise it will affect the quality and flavor of the fruit. 5. Harvesting and harvesting should be based on the date of pollination and the number of fruit development days for different varieties to determine the maturation period. It is also possible to judge the harvesting period based on the mature characteristics of the varieties, such as the color of the peel, the presence or absence of textures, and the aroma. Greenhouse melons are generally harvested before the end of May. When the fruit is mature, the detachable pedicel and non-storage-resistant cultivars should be promptly or appropriately harvested. Harvesting should be carried out in the early morning. At this time, the thick-skinned muskmelon has a good taste. Shearing should be done with fruit stalks or cutting the side branches of the fruit setting section to keep the fruit fresh and beautiful. After the harvest, take it gently, store it in a cool place, and wait for the package to be shipped.