Yam, also known as yam and big potato, is an annual or perennial entwined vine plant with a growth period of about 160 days. It is generally cultivated as an annual vegetable or Chinese medicinal material in China, and is eaten or medicinally used as a medium-sized fat meat tuber. Yam has strong adaptability. In addition to some alpine regions such as Tibet and northeastern China, it is cultivated in other places. Yam is rich in protein, carbohydrates, multivitamins and medicinal ingredients. It is a popular health vegetable and a common Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years, consumption has been increasing and planting benefits are good.
High-yield cultivation techniques of Chinese yam
First, choose a good species
Yam should be high-yield, and it is crucial to choose good varieties. According to the use, the yam varieties can be divided into edible yam, medicinal yam, medicine and food and yam; according to the shape, they can be divided into long yam, flat yam and round yam. Long yam is long columnar, flat yam like foot, fan-shaped, narrow and wide; round yam is short round or irregular mass.
China is the origin of yam, and there are dozens of excellent yam varieties widely cultivated. Such as Henan's yam yam, Shandong's rice yam, and Fengshan yam in Fengxian, Jiangsu. Farmers who plan to grow yam can choose the right variety based on local climate, soil conditions and production use.
Second, seed potato treatment
After selecting the varieties, it is necessary to carry out necessary treatment on the stored and purchased seed potatoes in order to improve the germination power and disease prevention ability of the seed potatoes, and lay a good foundation for the high yield of yam. Seed potato treatment is generally carried out 25-30 days before sowing. Most of the northern regions are around the vernal equinox, and the southern regions are mostly before and after the horror. The processing of seed potatoes is mainly to do a good job in selecting seed potatoes, cutting and disinfecting and sun-dried.
(1) Picking seed potatoes
25 to 30 days before sowing, remove the seed potatoes, and select the yam that is full, smooth and slender, free from pests and diseases, no scars, no decay, and stems thicker than 2 cm.
(2) Interception disinfection
A complete long yam, the upper part of 15-20 cm is called the yam plant, and the rest is called the yam section. The yam is generally made from the yam plant produced in the previous year. In the case of insufficient yam cultivation, the yam segment can also be used.
The selected seed potatoes are first cut off the yam plant, and the remaining part is cut into yam pieces, and the kerf is stained with 70% ultra-micro-manganese zinc. When planting with yam plants, the seed pieces can be appropriately smaller; when planting with yam pieces, the seed pieces should be larger, the length should be greater than 20 cm, and the weight should be 150-250 g. The part of the last yam is not suitable for seeding.
(three) drying seeds
The cut seed potato should be placed on the enamel foil to dry it to remove excess water from the seed potato to prevent the seed potato from rot after sowing and promote seed germination. When planting seeds, always turn the seed potatoes, so that the seed potatoes are evenly heated, and the grass mats are covered in the evening to avoid the seed potatoes being damp and cold. Under normal circumstances, the yam plant should be dried for 20-25 days, and the yam segment must be dried for 25-30 days. After drying the seed potato, the section is atrophied inward.
Third, fertilizing land preparation trench
While processing the seed potatoes, it is necessary to select the field for planting yam, consolidate the land, and dig the yam ditch.
The yam field should choose sunny, flat and high dry, low groundwater level, deep and fertile soil, loose and breathable, smooth drainage, no more than three years of yam planting. The soil is sandy or sandy loam, neutral or weakly alkaline. .
After selecting the field, it is necessary to apply 5,000-6,000 kilograms of farmer's fertilizer per mu, 50 kilograms of bean cake, 150 kilograms of compound fertilizer, or 20 kilograms of urea, 50 kilograms of diammonium, 50 kilograms of potassium sulfate, and 50 kilograms of bean cake. If there is no farmyard manure, 150 kilograms of organic and inorganic compound fertilizer can be applied per acre. In order to control underground pests and soil-borne diseases, 2 kg of soil or fertilizer is applied per acre with 1.1% matrine powder. Then the soil was ploughed and chopped 30 cm.
Plant long yam to deepen the ditch 100-170 cm, and ridge the soil on the deep loose ditch. The ripping time of the loose soil can be determined according to the planting area and the amount of work, as long as the seeding is not delayed. The direction of the ridge is about 50-70 meters in the north-south direction and the ridge length.
The self-propelled multifunctional yam trenching ripper is a small agricultural machine specially developed for the cultivation of yam. With a four-wheel tractor as the power and walking system, the trenching system consists of a bracket and a lifting auger.
There are two modes of yam cultivation: one-row and one-row and two-row. The yam trenching ripper is also divided into single row and double row. The single-row trenching ripper has one drill bit and the double-row trenching ripper has two drill bits. When loosening the ridge, first place the ridge line in the field: one ridge is cultivated in a single row, and the line is placed at a distance of 1 meter; if the ridge is cultivated in two rows, the line is laid at a distance of 1.3 meters. Open the trenching ripper to the field, set the depth of the loose soil according to 100-170 cm, and drill the drill bit to the ridge line in a single row. Align the midpoint between the two drill bits to the ridge line and lay down the lifting system. , the drill bit enters the soil and reaches a predetermined depth, the gear is placed in the first gear position, the throttle is added, the ridge line is driven at a constant speed, the auger bit rotates underground, and the underground ditch and the ground ridge can be completed at one time. Wait for more than one process.
In order to ensure rapid drainage and drainage during the rainy season, it is necessary to dig a drainage ditch around the yam land to communicate with the outer ditch.
Fourth, timely sowing
After handling the seed potatoes and loose soil, you can wait for the opportunity to plant.
Yam is warm, cold-resistant, frost-resistant, and under open cultivation conditions, the Huaihe River Basin can be planted in late March-early April, after the final frost and when the ground temperature is stable above 10 °C. The Yangtze River Basin is usually planted in March and mid-March; the Yellow River Basin is planted in April and mid-April; the northeast and northwest regions are generally planted at the end of April and early May.
One day before sowing, the last selection of seed potatoes should be carried out, and the infected and rotted seed potatoes should be picked and soaked with 50% carbendazim 1000 times for 5 minutes, and dried for planting.
When sowing, firstly spread the soil ridges in the direction of the ridge in the direction of the ridge, and drill the ditch 8-10 cm in the direction of the ridge, and gently step on the bottom of the seeding ditch with 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid. Wet powder 800-1000 times liquid, or 1.5% thiazolone water emulsion 1000 times liquid, or 70% ultra-micro-manganese zinc WP wettable powder 800-1000 times liquid sown seeding ditch spray, keep seed potatoes in the same direction , placed in the seeding ditch in the direction of the seeding ditch. In the case of general fertilizer and water, the plant spacing is 25 cm, and about 2,500 plants per mu are planted. For ease of management, yam plants, yam segments and seed potatoes of different sizes should be planted separately. After sowing, cover 8-10 cm of broken soil in time, and slap the ridge.
V. Field management
After the yam is planted, the field management is on the agenda. From sowing to harvesting, yam should undergo growth stages such as seedling stage, leaf stalking stage, branch and leaf growth period, tuber rapid expansion period and branch senescence tuber filling period. Field management should be strengthened based on the characteristics of different growth stages of yam.
(1) Seedling management
Chinese yam is a climbing plant. Stems and branches must be climbed on the support. After sowing, the height of the seedlings should be 30 cm or so. It should be framed in time. The frame can be made of bamboo rafts or hard branches. The way of tying is generally herringbone or square frame. The herringbone frame is tied to two frames, and the four-cornered frame is tied to four frames. The depth of the frame material is about 20 cm, and the height of the frame is 1.5-1.7 m. In order to improve the support and wind resistance of the bracket, the top of the rack can be connected by a frame material.
After the yam is planted, the yam planting takes 18-22 days to emerge, and the yam segment takes 25-35 days to emerge. Each yam can only retain one strong main stem. When the seedlings are found, the multi-stem plants are found. It takes time to remove the excess stems and use 1.5% of the thiazolone water emulsion 1000 times and 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid. The wettable powder is mixed with 1000 times of the mixture to prevent the wound from infecting the bacteria. If the weather is dry, you can sprinkle irrigation to promote emergence and seedlings. One week after the emergence of yam, in the middle of the two rows of ditch, 50-100 kg of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer was applied before each acre of rain.
After the yam seedlings in late May, the wine cup-sized nest can be opened at the base of each stem, and the 1.5% thiazolone water emulsion 800 times solution is added, and 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid wettable powder 800 times solution is added. 5% Jinggangmycin water 500 times mixed with irrigation roots, each potion solution 50-75 grams, used to prevent root disease and control of the early stage of wilt disease. If brown spots on the stems are found or the plants die, they should be refilled 15 days after the first rooting. At the same time, we must weed in time and step on the ridge. In case of heavy rain, it is necessary to drain in time to prevent collapse.
(2) Management of leaf buds
From the end of May to the middle of June, the yam leaves the leaves of the yam . The focus of field management is to prevent disease from invading leaf vines, promote more branches, and allow vines to fill the yam frame as quickly as possible, increasing the effective leaf area.
When the yam seedlings are 1 to 1.5 meters high, the leaves are placed. In the initial stage of leaf placement, use 70% thiophanate-methyl 800-1000 times solution and 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times solution, or 1.5% thiazolone water emulsion plus 70% ultra-micro-manganese zinc WP WP 800-1000 Spraying stems and leaves to prevent anthracnose, chalk disease and brown spot disease. After 10-15 days, use 70% ultra-micro-manganese zinc WP to add 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric WP 1000 times solution and spray again. Spraying should be sprayed from the top of the stem to the ground, and the stems and leaves on the ground should be sprayed with emphasis.
The more branches, the higher the yield of yam per plant. In order to promote the multi-generation branch, the cytokinin 600-800 times solution and the humic acid liquid fertilizer 500 times solution can be added in each of the long-term spraying, and each plant can increase 3-5 branches.
In mid-June, when the branch of the yam yam is about 10 cm, spray 40% of the methylpyrazine chlor-alkali solution 1 to 1.5 times of the 500 times per acre to promote the growth of the new yam and prevent the yam plant from growing.
(3) Management of the growth period of foliage
From late June to mid-July, yam enters the peak period of growth of branches and leaves. The focus of field management is to ensure the robust growth of the foliage, as well as to prevent the growth of branches and leaves, as well as to control pests and diseases.
From late June to early August, pests such as red spiders and noctuids are prone to occur, and can be sprayed with 1.8% avermectin 5000-8000 times.
In early July, 25 kilograms of fertilized nitrogen and potassium were applied before each acre of rain. 20 days if the plants Tuofei, Zaishi 25 kg; Tuofei if not, be spraying Liquid Fertilizer 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 500 times, once every 15 days.
In mid-July, spray 40% of mepiva and chlor-alkali water per acre, 1.5-500 times of liquid, spray once every 10-15 days, even spray 2-3 times, control the branches and leaves, promote the formation and increase of young yam Crude.
Beginning in July, enter the high incidence of yam disease, and should be sprayed with drugs for 7-10 days. The optional formula is:
1. 70% ultra-micro-manganese-zinc wettable powder plus 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 800-1000 times liquid stem and leaf spray;
2, 1.5% thiazolone water emulsion plus 70% ultra-micro-manganese-zinc wettable powder 800 times liquid spray;
3, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP plus 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times liquid spray.
4, 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid wettable powder 800 times liquid plus 70% propsin zinc wettable powder 600-800 times liquid spray;
5, 21% peracetic acid aqueous solution plus 80% allicin aqueous solution 500 times liquid spray;
6,10% Difenoconazole yl 600-800 times spraying;
The above formulas are used interchangeably, and when the disease occurs, the dosage is appropriately increased, and the interval between administrations is shortened. When the leaves are first found, they are sprayed three times in the order of the above formulas 5, 1, and 6.
(4) Tuber rapid expansion period
From late July to early September, the yam enters the rapid expansion of the tubers. The focus of management is to prevent collapse, prevent drought, prevent disease, prevent deferment, and prevent prolonged growth.
Anti-collapse and anti-flood. In the summer, it is necessary to clean up the ditch in time and keep it open. After the heavy rain, it is necessary to promptly eliminate the accumulated water in the field; even in the rainy days, it is necessary to ditch and drain the water to lower the groundwater level; when the drought is over, the water is sprinkled, and the soil is kept dry and wet, and the water is not flooded.
Anti-fertilization. From the end of July, spray 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus humic acid liquid fertilizer 500 times solution 2-3 times. In the first half of August, 15-25 kg of NPK fertilizer was applied per mu before the rain.
Prevent disease. Continue to follow the drug formula of the growth period of 1 to 6 of the foliage, and spray the leaf surface once every 7-10 days.
Prevention is prosperous. If there is still a long period of time after September 10, spray once acre with 40% methylpyrazine chlor-alkali solution 1-1.5 500 times solution.
(5) Management of leaf senescence tuber filling period
From mid-September to frost, the yam enters the period of senescence of the senescence of the branches and leaves. The focus of management is to prevent premature aging and prosperous vines. Premature aging field generally does not take soil topdressing, and foliar spray humic acid liquid fertilizer 500 times liquid once to prolong the vine growth time; Wangchangtian can spray 40% mepiva chlor-alkali water once. When the weather is dry, watering can be sprinkled to maintain a certain humidity of the soil.
6. Harvesting and storage
After the frost in the Huanghuai area, the leaves of the yam begin to fall off and enter the dormant period, which can be harvested at this time.
Harvesting generally chooses fine weather. First remove the yam bracket and the vines, then pull out the frame and arrange it for reuse in the coming year. The stems and leaves of yam can carry a variety of pathogens. After harvesting, the vines and the fallen leaves on the ground should be cleaned and concentrated.
When harvesting long yam, start from the end of the yam ditch, dig a pit that is the same width and depth as the original yam ditch, and remove the upper yam from the yam. After finding the top of the tuber, use a special long shovel to walk along the line. The tuber is dug down. After the whole tuber is exposed, hold the upper part of the tuber with your hand and use a spatula to smash the remaining fine roots and carefully raise it. Try to keep the tubers intact and avoid bumps and breaks. The excavated yam is slightly dried in the field, and the soil and lateral roots on the surface of the tuber can be removed and stored or stored directly.
Before the sale of commercial yam, you can choose the yam tuber with short, thick, healthy, disease-free, normal color and no scars. Store the yam plant under the armpits for the next year. The yam plant under the armpit should be sterilized by lime or 70% ultra-micro-manganese zinc in the section, air-dried for 4-5 days in the outdoor, or aired in the indoor ventilation for about one week.
The suitable temperature for storage of yam tubers is 4-6 ° C, and the relative humidity is 80%-85%. In the frost-free area in winter, the yam tuber can safely overwinter in the field; before the frost in the Huanghuai area, it can be mulched or covered with straw on the yam tuber, and the yam tuber can be safely wintered in the field.
The storage methods of yam tubers mainly include indoor accumulation, ditch and shoal. Trench and storage are generally used in colder areas.
Indoor storage, that is, indoors away from the window, first layer a layer of wet sand on the ground, and then put the yam close together, each layer of yam covered a layer of 5-6 cm of wet sand, so piled up to 1 The meter is high. Finally covered with straw felt or plastic film to keep warm and moisturizing. Always check the temperature and humidity inside the stack during stacking to prevent rotten piles.
Trenching is to choose a place with a higher terrain to dig east and west to the ditch. The width of the ditch is about 1.5 meters. The ditch depth depends on the local climate and storage time. The Huanghuai area is generally about 80 centimeters. The length depends on the storage volume. The 2 layers of yam are covered with a layer of 1 cm thick shredded soil. The shredded soil should be slightly dry. The height of the yam should not exceed 80 cm. The upper end should be covered with 2-3 times of soil to the ground with the temperature drop. During the entire storage period, the temperature changes in the ditch should be observed frequently to prevent high temperature burning and low temperature freezing.
The most common use of hoarding is sheds. The depth of the shovel should be more than 0.5 m in the frozen soil layer and about 2 m in the width of the sputum. The length depends on the storage capacity. The dome is covered with wooden sticks and straw scaffolding, covering 30-50 cm of soil, and one end of the crucible is reserved for import and export. The side of the yam should be placed perpendicular to the side of the raft and placed in the direction of the raft. One side of the raft is reserved for convenient storage and removal. During storage, the temperature change inside the sputum should be observed frequently to prevent high temperature burning and low temperature freezing.
The above various storage methods are simple and easy, and farmers' friends can choose according to local conditions. In the environment of 4-6 °C, yam can be stored for an average of 120-170 days, which can not only keep fresh, but also can be staggered in the centralized market, prolong the sales time, so that the yam planted by farmers can sell for a good price.
Tags: yam cultivation techniques