Several modes of anti-season cultivation techniques for mushrooms

Mushrooms are also known as mushrooms, the best fruiting season is early spring and late autumn, that is, when the temperature is low. For example, in the hot summer or in the cold winter, some techniques are needed. There are basically three modes for cultivation of shiitake mushroom in the off-season: (1) planting off-season planting mushrooms; (2) planting off-season cultivation of shiitake mushrooms in forest lands and orchards; (3) cultivation of anti-season mushrooms in solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses. According to the needs of the majority of farmers, the principle of less investment, more work, low cost, high efficiency, mainly introduces the latter two technologies. Because the configuration of the culture mix, bagging, autoclave or atmospheric pressure sterilization and bacteria culture are the conventional techniques, this is not introduced here, mainly introduces the mushroom mushroom rod after mushrooming Time management.

I. Yujie woodland and orchard anti-season cultivation of mushrooms

The counter-season cultivation of shiitake mushrooms in forest lands and orchards has a variety of forms. Most of them are bagged and covered with soil. The cultivation of shiitake mushrooms on the soil cover requires only local materials, and the use of tree branches or bamboo culms to insert small arch sheds with plastic membranes and straw curtains. No additional facilities are required, which is conducive to the cultivation in forested land or in orchards.

The premise of successful cultivation of shiitake mushrooms in the off-season in summer is to create a suitable environmental condition for the growth and development of shiitake mushrooms of high temperature. Selecting and using superior natural conditions will not only reduce investment, but also facilitate management. Therefore, it is very important to choose a good venue for mushroom cultivation in the late spring and early summer.

(1) The fast-growing poplar forest with a large area of ​​vegetation is the best place for cultivation of shiitake mushrooms in the off-season. However, good ventilation can reduce the invasion of diseases and insect pests. It is not far from the highway and has convenient transportation, which can reduce transportation costs in all aspects and benefit fresh mushrooms. The transported out of the sale; close to the water source is a convenient management guarantee, the water quality should be pure, to ensure no pollution, the cultivation area must have a matching drainage system, to do the drought can be poured, can be arranged, large area cultivation to install the atomization system Can greatly reduce the labor force.

(2) Orchards with large areas of shelter are also optional cultivation sites, but they are more complex than those of Yulin. First, the irregular growth of fruit trees brings inconvenience to management. Second, when pests and diseases are controlled by fruit trees, if they meet the growth and development period of fruiting bodies of fruiting fungi, they must do a good job of covering the bed of bacteria with plastic film to prevent contamination when the liquid is sprayed. On the fruit body, it affects the health of consumers.

In the summer, what problems should be noticed in the cultivation of shrubs in unseasonable land cover with forest land and orchards?

(1) Choose a suitable high-temperature variety such as Wuxiang No.1.

(2) Do not overdo it to prevent overburdening and delaying fruiting time; however, cover soil should not be too thin or cover soil to prevent the invasion of diseases and insect pests. The thickness of soil covering should be 1 angstrom; the solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses should be used to cultivate mushrooms in reverse season. In addition to stand-up pouch cultivation, there are also soil-covered and half-covered soils, which are flexibly controlled according to the actual cultivation environment.

(3) When the color is changed or when the color is being changed, the bag can be placed. When the bag needs to be taken out of the bag, it should be noted that the fungus stick after the bag removal should not be broken, and there should be a gap of 1-2 inches between the bacteria sticks, which is good for the bacteria stick and the soil. In close contact, although edible mushrooms have the habit of dark bacteria and not mushrooms, but the fruiting body grows upward and phototropism (tends to scatter light). If the fungus sticks are not in close contact with the soil, they are observed after excavating the bacteria sticks. There may be a large amount of spongiform bacteria that consume the nutrients during the rotation of the bacterial rod, and the gap between the bacterial rod and the soil will have insects. Some insects may feed on the mycelium of the bacteria.

(4) After the fungus bar is covered with soil, it is necessary to timely pour a large amount of water into the pot. First, make the soil and the mushroom bar in close contact; the second is to reduce the temperature of the soil and the fungus bar; third is to supplement the water of the mushroom bar and promote the mushroom bar early mushrooming . It is more appropriate to grow shiitake mushrooms in the summer and pour water every four days or so. Three to four shots of water should be sprayed into the pot every day during fruiting to increase the relative humidity of the air. For example, large-area cultivation is a good way to install atomization facilities. Save labor and bring convenience to management.

The water spray during the fruiting period is generally 5-6 in the morning. After the water is sprayed, the plastic film and grass curtain on the small arch shelter should be opened, and leave the ground at 20-30? At this time, the temperature is low, which is suitable for ventilating the mushroom fruiting body. Fill light. Before 10 o'clock in the morning, when the water sprays, the temperature rises. After the water is sprayed, the plastic film and the straw curtain are put down to the ground to maintain the temperature and humidity in the small shed. At this time, the small shed is dark, and let the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms. Sleep at the right temperature in the afternoon, which is the key or key to cultivate shiitake mushrooms in the off-season. After 4 pm, the natural temperature is dropping. At this time, the straw curtain and the membrane of the small arch shed are sprayed. After the water is sprayed, the film and the grass curtain are dropped from the ground 20-30? Spray water at 7-8 pm in the evening or night. After the water spray, the straw curtain and the film are placed on the arch scaffolding, so that the fruiting bodies of the mushroom can accept the natural scenery and rainy days from the evening to the next morning.

(5) Large-area fast-growing poplar forests are planted after the sheltering of the trees, and only a small shed covers the film to moisturize the forest. Or the orchard, which is not completely covered, can be covered with a small shed to cover the plastic film and shading net. To make up for the lack of shading, it provides good conditions for fruit body growth and development.

(6) Density buds must be budded to prevent fruiting bodies from squeezing together and growing, resulting in deformed fruit bodies and reduced product quality. In addition, do not greed about the growth of fruiting mushrooms, otherwise the fruiting spores will reduce the quality and yield, and will also reduce the value of goods. If the fruit-body cap flattened or the edge turned over, the product value would be completely lost.

The small sheds in the woodlands and orchards of Yulin are not suitable for mushroom cultivation in stand-stands on slopes in the forest. The mushroom cultivation in the slope-like bagging on the ground is mainly based on the simple scaffolding of shiitake mushrooms built in plastic sheds or ordinary solar greenhouses or courtyards.

Second, simple scaffolding, greenhouse and plastic greenhouse anti-season cultivation of mushrooms

Simple shelf-style cultivation of mushrooms off-season than solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses against the seasonal cultivation of mushroom technology is relatively difficult, master it, the solar greenhouses and plastic greenhouses anti-season cultivation of mushroom technology will be solved.

(a) Cultivation of shiitake mushrooms off-season. Shiitake has the biological characteristics of changing temperature to form fruit bodies under medium and low temperatures. Different varieties of mushrooms suitable temperature is also different, generally within the range of 12-26 °C better mushrooms.

In the mountainous areas with limited economic conditions, the courtyard economy is an indispensable part of the circular economy. The cultivation of bags of shiitake mushrooms is a small-investment, quick-acting, and adaptable courtyard-style development model.

(b) "Simple scaffolding style" mushroom cultivation and management.

1. Setting up scaffolding: In late May, under conditions of limited conditions, we combined the cultivation mode of "small sheds and sacks" in Biyang, Henan, with the prevailing conditions and built a "simple shelter" in rural courtyards. The “simple shelter” is 8.1m long, 4.5m wide, and 2m high. Shelfs are erected within the shed. Shelf height is 2m and width is 1m. Four vertical strips on each floor are used to hold the fungus sticks and placed in double rows. ?, a total of six shelves per shelf. After the “simple scaffold” is erected, lime water is sprayed on the sheds and the bacteria racks to disinfect the bacteria. Then, the bacilli are placed in the larvae. There is a gap of 5-8 菌 between the bacilli, which is conducive to mushrooming. Such a simple scaffolding There can be about 1300-1400 bacilli sticks placed inside. After the fungus sticks are set, they are then sprayed with lime water solution to disinfect the sheds and bacteria sticks, and there is a cooling effect.

2. Mushroom management: The average temperature from May to October 10 does not exceed 20-22 °C is the most ideal mushrooming temperature. The "Simple Shed" of hanging fruit is hung with three mercury thermometers and a temperature and humidity table for daily observation. It is required to record four times of temperature and humidity and sprinkle water management as early as 5-6 am, 10 pm, 4 pm, and 7-8 pm.

The water spray during the fruiting period is usually 5-6 in the morning. After the water is sprayed, the plastic film, shade net and straw curtain (or insulation) of the simple shed, solar greenhouse, and plastic greenhouse are to be opened, and the ground is to be opened. -30°, when the temperature is low, it is suitable for ventilating and supplementing the light of the mushroom fruiting body; before 10 o'clock in the morning, the water temperature rises. After the water is sprayed, the plastic film, shading net and straw curtain (or insulation) are put down. Keep close to the ground and maintain the temperature and humidity in the simple shed, the solar greenhouse, and the plastic greenhouse. At this time, the shed is dark, and allow the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms to sleep at an appropriate temperature in the afternoon; after 4 pm, the natural temperature drops, at this time Open the simple shed, solar greenhouse, plastic greenhouse shed (or insulation) and the film to spray water, spray the water and put down the film and the straw curtain off the ground 20-30? Ventilation fill light; evening or evening 7-8 water spray After the water spray, the straw (or insulation) and the film are placed on the ground 1m away from the ground, so that the fruiting body of the mushroom receives natural scenery and rain from the evening to the next morning.

The above-mentioned requirements are met with the cultivation and management methods of the plastic sheds in the forest land, the ordinary solar greenhouses and the plastic sheds in the plastic shelters.

When the temperature of shiitake mushroom bar is reduced to the same temperature as the normal temperature in the shed, you can use a small wood board to gently beat the fungus bar for "convulsion" work, and use the water cooling method to increase the temperature difference and promote early mushrooming. After about a week of management, the mushroom buds appeared and grew normally. At the beginning of June, it was easy to manage the mushroom, and the bag was processed by the bag. Cultivation of mushrooms in the summer, due to the rapid growth of high temperature mushrooms, stipe long, easy to open the fruit body umbrella, the edge of the cap easily flip and shoot spores. Therefore, in the management, the fruiting body of the mushroom must not be greedy. After the fruiting body is opened, it will not only reduce the quality of the product.

In management, because of the high temperature and low humidity, the fungus stems in the upper shelf of the shed are not easy to mushroom, and the lower shelf is not easy to grow mushrooms due to light and other reasons. Therefore, in the cultivation and management, the upper and lower layer stems are often poured On the middle shelf, the mushroom stems of the middle layer of the mushroom were poured on the upper and lower brackets respectively and cultivated for 1-2 days before being processed again, in order to allow the emergence of the next tidal mushroom, and the other management was the same as above.

3. Mushrooms standard: According to the different varieties of mushrooms, fruit body diameter of the different fruit caps that are different mushroom size, harvesting standards are also different. The species of small fruit bodies such as Wuxiang No. 1 was harvested when the diameter of the mushroom was about 4? Hold the stipe with your thumb and forefinger and gently rotate to pick it up. Must not be born to prevent the destruction of mushroom stems, is not conducive to the next tidal mushroom and prevent contamination with bacteria.

4. Method of replenishing water with mushroom mushroom bar: The mushroom bar that used mushroom is easy to lose water, and it is necessary to rehydrate the mushroom bar in time. (1) Use a water injector to inject water into the fungus rod. The lower the water temperature is, the more beneficial it is to produce mushrooms. (2) Water immersed in water, in the absence of water injectors or tap water, it is possible to dig pits in containers or on the ground. The pits are lined with plastic membranes to hold water and the rods are immersed in water. After 24 hours of soaking, remove the fish and the buds appear on the third and fourth days. After the appearance of the bud, spray water management according to the above requirements. The standard of picking can be achieved overnight.

Through the midsummer, with the slow decline in temperature, more and more suitable for the growth and development of mushrooms. Can add 0.1% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.1% of white sugar in the later process of adding water to the mushroom bar. The fruiting effect will be better under the appropriate temperature and humidity conditions, and the yield will be higher.

(3) The "simple scaffolding style" counter-season cultivation of mushrooms is suitable for the economic development of mountain courtyards. Mushroom cultivation mushroom season and mushroom life habits are unstable, and the mushroom is a variable temperature and low-temperature mushroom species, and the off-season cultivation mushroom mushrooming season is late spring, summer, early autumn and high temperature season, so the "simple scaffolding type" is real The model of the out-of-season cultivation of the simple style, especially the economic cultivation mode of the courtyard, has a small cultivation area, low one-time investment, low cost, quick effect, large gap in the summer mushroom market, easy sales, and high prices. The management of mushroom cultivation is not complicated, as long as farmers have a strong sense of responsibility and cultivation techniques are easy to grasp.

(d) pest and disease control. From late spring to early autumn in Beijing, the temperature is high, and there is a rainy season in it. Cultivation of shiitake mushrooms can easily lead to the invasion of pests and diseases. Therefore, we must pay attention to the control of pests and diseases throughout the cultivation. “Prevention from stress”, in the process of cultivation and management, it is necessary to ensure the cleanliness of the cultivation site and the surrounding environment and spray the lime water on many occasions to prevent the contamination of green molds and other bacteria. Due to the special odor of the mushroom mushroom stick, it is easy to incur the invasion and harassment of pests such as mosquitoes and fleas, but it must not be sprayed on the mushroom sticks, especially during the mushrooming period. To prevent bacteria, mosquitoes and flies can use the "two networks, one light, one board, one buffer" technology promoted by the City Bacteriological Association, and one thousandth of DDV emulsification can be hung in different positions in "simple shelters", solar greenhouses, and plastic greenhouses. Cloth, control effect is very good.

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