Progress in research and application of bioluminescence technology

November 02, 2024

Summary:
Objective: To understand the types and mechanisms of bioluminescence and their applications in medicine, biological sciences, food, environmental protection and other fields.
Methods: The types and mechanisms of bioluminescence in the relevant literature and their specific applications in the above fields were reviewed.
Results: There are two types of bioluminescence, the mechanism is clear, and it is widely used.
Conclusion: Bioluminescence has become more and more widely used in many fields, and it is essential for its in-depth understanding and research.

Bioluminescence is the process by which a bioluminescent device undergoes a photoreceptor release reaction in a cell or organism. This article briefly introduces the types and mechanisms of bioluminescence and their applications in medicine, life sciences, food and environmental protection.
 
1 type
There are two main types of bioluminescence: 1 light energy signals generated after chemical or biological reactions, mainly including luciferase, insects, etc.; 2 light energy signals generated after being excited, mainly jellyfish containing fluorescent proteins, corals , leeches, etc.
 
2 Mechanism
2.1 luciferase
Luciferase is a general term for a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidative luminescence of fluorescein or fatty aldehydes in vivo. According to the source, it can be divided into luciferase from firefly (FL) and bacterial luciferase (BL). Under the participation of Mg, ATP and O2, FL catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of D-luciferin, produces activated oxidized fluorescein, and emits photons, producing fluorescence of 550-580 nm. BL uses fatty aldehyde as a substrate, and with the participation of reduced flavin mononucleotides and oxygen, the fatty aldehyde emits photons while oxidizing to fatty acids, producing fluorescence at 490 nm.
 
2.2 Fluorescent protein
The GFP (green fluorescent protein) study in fluorescent proteins is clear*. The special chromophore contained in GFP is formed by the internal cyclization and oxidation of serine, dehydrotyrosine and glycine at positions 65-67 in the protein. It can emit visible green fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet or blue light without any bottom. Object or cofactor.
 
3 applications
As a non-radioactive, non-traumatic, high-sensitivity, real-time dynamic detection technology, bioluminescence is widely used in medical biology research, food and environmental testing.
 
3.1 Application in biomedical research
Bioluminescence can be used for non-invasive continuous dynamic observation of specific cell or molecular behavior, and is widely used in biomedical fields for pathogenic mechanisms, screening and evaluation of new drugs.
 
Luciferase is widely used to study viral infection and replication. Luker uses the luciferase gene to label vaccinia virus. After 1 hour, intracellular fluorescence can be measured. The amount of fluorescence directly reflects the amount of virus replication. Wang Jiandong used luciferase gene to label lung cancer cells and inoculated them into the skin of severely combined deficient mice. He successfully established a lung cancer cell line and a xenograft animal model stably expressing luciferase reporter gene, which is the progression, metastasis and sensitivity of lung cancer. Related research has laid the foundation.

Zhu Hongmei labeled toxic Escherichia coli (ETEC) with green fluorescent protein gene gfp gene, and obtained GFP gene expression and genetically stable luminescent marker strain, which laid a foundation for further study of ETEC infection pathway and pathogenic mechanism. The EGFP-labeled GFP fluorescence can accurately, simply and rapidly reflect the change of translocation rate, which provides a basis for screening and evaluation of probiotics.
 
3.2 Application in biological science research
3.2.1 Application in Molecular Biology The luciferase gene is widely used in the study of the expression intensity and transcriptional regulation of foreign genes under different promoters, especially for the regulation of low-level expression. Yao Wenjuan used the luciferase gene as a reporter gene to investigate the effects of functional elements (α, β1, β2) of HBV transduction regulatory sequence (HPRE) on INF-α. The functional elements of HPRE, β2 and INF-α, are very useful. Close, while α, β1 plays a very small role in the INF-α response. Luciferase is also used to study the physiological rhythm of plants. Mmar used luciferase as a reporter gene to study the rhythm of Arabidopsis gene expression.

Ikawa produced transgenic mice expressing GFP in muscle, spleen, kidney, heart and other organs, indicating that GFP can be used as an effective selection marker before embryo transfer. Fluorescence detection of embryos can selectively breed transgenic mice and greatly improve transgenics. The production rate of animals reduces the blindness of embryo transfer. Monocytogenes used the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene as a research object, and used GFP as a reporter to screen out siRNA that can effectively inhibit the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene.
 
3.2.2 Application in Cell Biology
R Paulmurugan applied luciferase to study the strong interaction between myogenic regulatory factors and cell differentiation inhibitors. Sung uses this principle to shear and recombine starfish luciferase to study the translocation of androgen receptors in mice. It provides a reliable and rapid method for studying protein phosphorylation in cell networks and mammalian cells.

GFP fusion protein can observe the dynamic changes of cytoskeleton, organelle dynamics and transport of endometrial system, information transduction, viral movement and macromolecular transport, etc. Cheng uses gfp gene to modify tobacco mosaic virus and infect tobacco, using laser Scanning confocal microscopy was performed to observe the path and accumulation pattern of viral vascular bundles.
 
3.3 Monitoring environment
The luminescence intensity has a good linear relationship with the concentration of certain pollutants, and the change of pollutant concentration can be determined stably and rapidly. Wang Ya used DiFMI as a substrate and established a fluorescent protein phosphatase inhibition method (F_PPIA) to detect the MC results in environmental samples and the correlation between HPLC results. As a rapid detection method, especially for high-volume, low-concentration MC. The monitoring of water samples has a good application prospect. Yu Hai fixed the light on the surface of the fiber and combined with the light detection system to develop a light-emitting fiber sensor, which has good accuracy and sensitivity for rapid monitoring and evaluation of pollutants in water.
 
 
4. Summary and outlook
Bioluminescence technology has played an important role in the fields of biomedicine, agricultural products, and environmental protection. It is believed that as the research progresses further, it will generate greater value in theoretical research and practical applications.

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