Apple's Quality and Efficient Cultivation and Management Techniques

First, pruning

It is necessary to adhere to the four principles of “trimming trees, making branches with branches”, “coordinating both considerations and long-term planning”, “giving priority to light, combining light and heavy”, “balanced tree potential, and master-following”. , tree order, pruning response, natural conditions, management level to take a flexible approach, and change the winter pruning to adjust for the whole year

Free-spindle shape is the ideal high-yield tree shape. About 70 cm before germination. Later, through winter shearing, spring shearing, summer shearing, and winter shearing, the trees are gradually cultivated to a height of 3-3.5 meters, 10 main branches are spirally raised on the trunk, and the lower and upper large spindles of the resulting branch group are directly formed on the main branch. Tree shape. Saplings in the summer, depending on the status of the occurrence of new shoots, choose to leave a suitable main branch, not as a main branch, in early June, leaving the short pile cut or twist tip processing, and other branches. In winter, the main branch is moderately short and short, while the middle and short central leaders are prolonged and the remaining branches are not cut. Without prejudice to the cultivation of the main branch, it is imperative to give temporary results as soon as possible. In order to cultivate the resulting branch on the main branch, the initial pull-out period of the main branch should be increased to cause external strong internal and weak, so that the upper branch of the main branch can grow stably. For excessively thick and large lateral branches, dispose of them in time. For the three main branches of the spindle tree, at this time to increase the strong advantage to prevent the base three branches spread too fast, resulting in canopy closure. After a large number of results, when the tree vigor is stable, the central leadership will be given control over extension branches. The task of tree pruning during full fruit period is mainly lateral branch processing. Lateral branches form flower buds and become fruiting branches. Results The number, size, and growth status of the shoots determine the overall branch results, branching balance, and yield.

Second, cut buds and flowers to promote the implementation of "spring bud, summer girdling, Qiukaikai" flower promotion technology.

Third, timely pollination pollination time in the first flowering period and full flowering time each pollination best. The flower opening day is the best pollination period. The artificial point authorizes the use of a brush to spur the pollen point centre pistil stigma, or assist the pollination with a feather duster is to tie the feather duster to the bamboo pole, first rolling in the pollination tree, stained with pollen, and then rolling to the main cultivar, repeatedly . If the apple orchard has a large area, 10 times more talcum powder can be sprayed with nod duster, and 0.2% pollen + 0.3% urea + 5% sucrose mixture spray can also be used. Bees and wall bees pollinate the bees 3 days before flowering. When the flowering period is long, the bee can be released twice.

4. Thinning and fruit thinning. The amount of fruit remaining can be determined according to the variety and yield per mu, or according to the ratio of branches and fruits, leaf to fruit ratio, or distance from the fruit. Fuji and other large fruits can be divided into 8 branches and 8 inches. 80 leaves" to stay fruit. Sparse fruit is trimmed from winter until the fruit is harvested. Mainly sparse or short-cut part of fruit branches, sparse buds, sparse flowers, fruit thinning. Sparse buds are better than sparse flowers, and sparse flowers are better than fruit sparse. When thinning the fruit, be sure not to cut it together.

Fifth, fruit bagging Apple bagging cultivation is pruning, fertilization, fruit thinning, bagging, picking leaves, transfer fruit, harvesting and pest control and other comprehensive management of a series of management measures, are indispensable. When used properly, the orchard has a high level of integrated management, and the success rate of bagging is high, and the economic benefits are good. On the contrary, the success rate of bagging is low and the economic efficiency is poor. To select a good quality paper bag, the light transmittance of the large fruit and canopy of the Fuji coloring can be bagged in an orchard of 25-30%. Too few or too large branches, sandy soil and light earthy orchards lacking boron, calcium and other trace elements, and soils that are too dry or too wet are not suitable for bagging. Bagging orchards cannot cover wheatgrass, especially old wheatgrass.

Sixth, a reasonable fertilization basal fertilizer in the autumn after harvesting fruit, according to pounds of fruit and fat fertilizer. Apples that are bagged for a long period of time are in a high-temperature environment. Bitter bitter disease, boron deficiency, and other physiological diseases occur earlier and are heavier than those without bagging. Microbial fertilizer should be added. Each result tree should be applied with 2-3 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizer; 0.1 kg of borax should be applied every other year; and 300-500 times of amino acid calcium or amino acid series compound fertilizer should be sprayed twice each month after 7-8, 9 and 3 months.

Seven, pest control prevention bagging 3 days before, the entire park should be used to pharmacy cypermethrin and thiophanate methyl, so that the fruit is sterile, no insects, no fruit surface damage, no fruit surface contamination into the bag. Can not use emulsions, can not contain ingredients to stimulate the long rust of the fruit surface, including zinc sulfate, Trichoderma, mancozeb and urea. Before removing the bags, the whole garden should be used to kill insecticides and fungicides to reduce the orchard's base number. The type of agent is self-selected. After the bag is removed, the medication is generally stopped. However, in cases of heavy rain and high temperatures, 1-2 times of thiophanate-methyl besides the bags can not be used to fight Bordeaux mixture and other contaminants.

4. Bagging Period and Method Bagging period varies depending on the species. Jinshuai Apple has a red-haired period of fruit, that is, the fruit begins to turn red, the hair does not fall off, and the fruit shank begins to lignify, usually on May 20-25. day. Fuji, Jonagold, Red Star and other species 35-40 days after flowering, the fruit diameter of 25-30 mm is the best, the Taihang Mountains in our province in mid-May, late Yanshan Mountain in mid-June, not too early Or too late, can not identify the pros and cons of the fruit too early, fruit shank lignification is low, easy to pull off, inconvenient operation, prone to sunburn, sweat spots and other injuries; too late, delayed to early July is poor pallor, Rough fruit surface, poor bagging effect, but also Bordeaux liquid pollution. During the day, the fruit can only be dried after being dried to prevent sweat spots. If the ventilation holes on the two corners of the bottom of the paper bag are small or poorly opened, the air permeability of the paper bag is poor. You can use the pruning shears at the middle of the bottom of the bag to cut a vertical mouth of 1-1.5 cm to increase the air permeability, which can greatly reduce the fruit. The occurrence of sweat spots and fruit rust. When bagging, the right hand inserts and opens the paper bag, and the left hand taps the bottom of the bag to make it into a half-inflated state, so as to prevent the young fruit from tightly sticking to the sticker bag to cause daily burning and abrasion. After the young fruit is put into the paper bag, the wire on one side of the paper bag is folded into a 90-degree angle to tightly seal the bag mouth so that the fruit is in the central part of the paper bag, and the paper bag can be rotated with the handle as an axis. The entire growing season should be checked at any time and the loose pockets should be resealed. When operating quickly, you should not be forced to pull hard to cause fruit drop.
5. Debagging time and method New Red Star removes the bag about 15 days before harvesting, that is, at the end of August and early September; Jonagold removes the bag 30-35 days before the harvest, and generally removes the bag on September 20; Fujitsu 25 -30 days, usually from 1st to 5th of October except bags. Bags should not be too early or too late, prematurely the fruit surface color will turn green, especially at the fruit pods, the color will be dark red, the fruit surface will be rough, and the sunburn will be heavy; if it is too late, the background color will be too white and the color will be red. The coloring is incoherent, the coloring area is small, and the fruit is light in taste. In addition to the high temperature and drought during the bag period, the bags can be postponed for a few days to avoid high-temperature drought, reduce or avoid sunburn after bag removal, and also avoid rain immediately after bag removal, and it is easy to produce small tears after the rain (cracks ), the fruit surface is black, become the second fruit. When removing the bag, the bottom of the paper bag is torn apart to form a bell mouth, and removed after 3-5 days. In addition to the double-layer paper bag being divided into two parts, the outer paper bag is first removed and the inner bag is kept for 3-5 days. After the fruit is basically adapted to the external environment, the inner bag is removed. For fruits that do not see direct light in the internal hemorrhoids, both the single-layer and double-layer paper bags can be removed at one time. Excessive rainfall is not conducive to fruit sugaring and coloring. Over-arid weather is also detrimental to coloring and it is also prone to cracking. Moderate drought in autumn, or moderate irrigation under arid conditions, is most beneficial to coloring. Bagging of apples after bagging sunburn, light fruit is sunny and white, no longer coloring, weight is a few millimeters of pulp under the peel and pericarp exhausted, to browning part of the storage period rot. The day after the bag is removed has a long period of time, and it is possible for it to occur as soon as it encounters high temperatures and droughts, from bag removal to harvesting. For this reason, certain soil moisture should be maintained from before bagging to before harvesting. During hot and dry years, the whole garden should be poured with water once before bagging, and water should be poured more than two times after bag removal and before harvesting.
6. Fruit coloring after bag removal Apple coloring requires more than 12 degrees of sugar content and day and night. In addition to the temperature difference of C, there must be direct light irradiation with a certain time and intensity. In order to satisfy this condition, the fruit should be concentrated in the coloring period, that is, from the end of September to the end of October, 2-3 times of picking the leaves, removing the bags and picking the leaves close to the fruit, the second time can be removed Leaves around 5-10 cm around the fruit; third time the leaves on the periphery of the crown and on the branches of the upper part are removed, and leaf stalks should be left for the leaves. Turn the fruit 5-7 days after the bag once, and turn it 2-3 times. Turn the shady side of the fruit to the sunny side. Sparse small and medium-sized branches, including the branches of the same age of the big branch shoots, leggy branches and dense branches of the internal warts and other parts, to solve the light. Lay a silver reflective film. With fewer branches and good light transmission, the apple orchard can be placed under the canopy after the bags are removed, so that the pods of the fruit can be colored and the whole red fruit can be produced. Silver filming is limited to red varieties with high economic value.

VI. Prevention and control of pests and diseases Strengthen the prediction and prediction of fruit trees and pests, establish pest monitoring and reporting points, timely find and quickly control, and select the best pesticides for disease treatment and pest control, and use them alternately.

(a) Apple physiological diseases

Apple Sarcoidosis 1. Symptoms: Apple trees with rough skin disease begin to show small protrusions on the shoots in late August and gradually become swollen. With the growth of the age of the branches, the rash-like protrusions enlarge cracks and depressions, showing rough skin symptoms. Cut the diseased skin, visible granular black spots and linear necrosis. 2. Cause: A physiological "polysomies" caused by excess manganese. Excessive manganese in the soil, lower boron and calcium. It is closely related to the physical and chemical properties of soil, and the variety, rootstock and cultivation techniques also have important influence. When the soil pH is less than 5, rough skin disease is heavy. Marshal, Fuji, and Guoguang suffer a lot. Trilobal jellyfish make heavy rootstock disease. 3. Control methods: a. Choose suitable cultivation soil, soil layer should be loose, ventilation is better, reducing manganese does not exceed 100PPm. b Improve acidic soils. The acidic soil with low PH value is combined with the base fertilizer every year and 40-60 g of calcium sulfate is applied. 3 Strengthen drainage of orchards and reduce the accumulation of available manganese in the soil. c. Apply organic organic fertilizers to control the application of physiological acid fertilizers and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. d reasonable pruning, reasonable load.

Apple fruit shrinkage 1. Symptoms (1) Fruit symptoms a dry spot type: The disease begins in the first half of the month after flowering, and is more common in June. Reddish-brown spots formed on the fruit surface. The subcutaneous pulp of the diseased part was water-stained, translucent, and yellowish-brown mucus overflowed from the lesion. The result was that the meat necrosis was brown to dark brown, and the diseased part shrank and shrank. b. Cork type: more occurs during late growth. In the early stage, the pulp was watery, brownish, and fluffy, and was corked. The surface of the diseased fruit is uneven, unevenly colored, and bitter. c Rust type: In the late onset, brown, fine horizontal stripes rust spots occur along the fruit surface around the pedicel, and the rust spots are chapped. Green bananas, India's seriously ill fruit, are rotted and their seeds are empty. (2) Branch and leaf symptoms: A branch withered: The top leaves of the new shoots turn yellow from the edges, and the petioles of the leaf veins turn red to reddish brown. The leaves have irregular burn spots, and the shoots die from the top to the bottom. There are brown necrotic spots on the cuticle. b. Litchi type: buds on spring shoots die, and under shoots grow many twigs or branches. c. Tufty leaf type: New shoots are shortened between nodes, and the leaves are small, hypertrophic, brittle, and clustered. 2. Cause: Boron deficiency is the main reason. The critical value of boron deficiency in soil is 0.5PPM. Thin soil, lack of organic matter and vegetation protection, easy to cause rain erosion and lack of boron. Excessive drought from May to July may affect the absorption of boron in the roots and lead to boron deficiency. Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers increases the demand for boron and exacerbates the occurrence of boron deficiency disease. 3, control methods: a increase organic fertilizer, rational use of chemical fertilizers, pay attention to improving the soil. Drought timely watering. b Boron in the soil: before defoliation or germination, borax or boric acid is applied in combination with the application of base fertilizer to produce 20-30 kg per mu. The boron was sprayed on the c-tree, and 2-3 borax aqueous solutions were sprayed 2-3 times before flowering, flowering, and flowering.

Yellow leaf disease 1. Symptoms: Mainly on young shoots. The yellow leaves are still yellow, and the veins on both sides remain green. The leaves are green and reticular. The loss of green is an important feature. In severe cases, the entire leaf turns white, and the leaf margin is charred, causing defoliation. 2. Cause: caused by iron deficiency. As iron is difficult to transfer in plants, iron deficiency symptoms begin to appear from young shoots at the tip of the shoot. 3. Incidence conditions: a saline-alkali soil, soluble divalent iron into insoluble trivalent iron, can not be absorbed by apple, showing iron deficiency. Too much nitrogen fertilizer, trim too heavy, the body of manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, vanadium content, can reduce iron absorption. b. Apple trees with mountain stators as rootstock are prone to yellow leaf disease, and jellyfish are generally lighter. 4. Control methods: a change soil alkali: increase organic fertilizer, increase soil organic matter content, dig ditch drainage, increase soil water permeability, is the fundamental measure to prevent yellow leaf disease. b Proper ferritin supplementation: 0.3 to 0.5% ferrous sulfate solution is sprayed on the branches before germination to control the condition; 20 to 50 kg/mu is used for the treatment of ferrous sulfate and organic fertilizers; yellow leaf disease can be treated before germination; , Soak side roots with 50-fold bottled ferrous sulfate, absorb for 24 hours, and remove the bottle.

Apple leaflet disease 1. Symptoms: mainly on new shoots and leaves. The diseased branches sprouted late, the leaves were narrow and slender, and the leaf margins curled upwards. The quality was hard and brittle, and the leaves were yellowish-green and unequal. The diseased branches are short, thin, and the branches of the leaves are like fungi. 2. Cause: The disease is apple tree zinc deficiency. 3. Incidence conditions: related to a variety of factors. Sandy orchards have low soil zinc content, good water permeability, excessive watering, soil erosion, and loss of soluble zinc; excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers requires increased amounts of zinc, and the incidence is heavy: alkaline soils, zinc is easily fixed, and is not easy to be Absorption; spray glyphosate under the tree, easy to express "lobular disease." 4. Control methods: Adding zinc salts for giving or releasing immobilized zinc elements is an effective approach to prevention and control. a Apply organic fertilizer to facilitate absorption and utilization of zinc. b Supplemental Zinc: Before the germination, the tree is sprayed with 3-5% zinc sulfate. Combining spring and autumn basal fertilizer, applying 10-20 kg of zinc sulfate per acre. c. Improve the soil: The orchards with poor soil conditions, such as saline and alkali lands, clay lands, and sandy soils, will improve the soil and create favorable conditions conducive to the development of the root system, and fundamentally solve the problem of leaf lobular diseases.

Apple Calcium Deficiency 1. Symptoms: A young leaf edge cup upward, neat veins and chlorosis between the veins on the unfolded leaf, necrotic and broken edges of the old leaf, severe tipping dead. b Fruits appear in bitter pit, jatrophic spot disease, water heart disease, schwarz spot disease, cracking fruit, internal decay, and thrombosis. c branches uneven, branches are not round. The d roots are short and thick. When they are heavy, the cortex thickens and they die, and the dead roots can produce stubby new roots. 2. Cause: The main reason is that the soil contains less calcium. 3. Incidence conditions: high soil acidity, easy loss of calcium. Pre-drought, excessive water supply in the later period is not conducive to the absorption and utilization of calcium. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer, excessive trimming, aggravated the transport of calcium to the fruit. Increased calcium deficiency symptoms. 4. Control methods: a. Improve soil, increase organic fertilizer, and promote stable and balanced supply of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium, boron, zinc, copper and other elements. b. Calcium application: Spray or apply gypsum, calcium nitrate, multi-effect biological calcium fertilizer or calcium oxide on sandy soil. Fruit surface, leaf surface multiple spray 0.5% calcium nitrate or calcium chloride, or 400 times the amino acid calcium or amino-calcium 500 times. c Moderate pruning, reasonable thinning of fruit, reasonable load.

(B) Apple Fungal Diseases

Apple rot disease 1. Symptoms: mainly damage the branches and also damage the fruit. At the early stage of disease, the diseased part was reddish-brown, slightly raised, water-stained, and the tissue was soft. When it was pressed by hand, it was subsided, and there was a yellow-brown juice outflow. The rotten cortex is reddish-brown, rot-like and distilleries. In the latter part of the disease, the body shrinks dark brown and has black spots. The affected fruit forms a dark red-brown, irregular, encircling lesion. 2. Infection cycle: The pathogens overwinter on the bark of the disease, weak parasites and can only invade from the wound. May-August is the time when the germs have spread and infested. First, the potential for latent accumulation on the skin layer, the formation of surface collapse, the weak began to expand the damage. Two expansion peaks are formed each year in March and October and November and November. 3. Incidence conditions: a tree condition. Strong disease resistance, poor disease resistance. b Freezing damage, weakened tree vigor creates invasive conditions for germs. c Organic fertilizer and phosphorus, potassium deficiency, affect the tree disease resistance. 4. Control methods: a. Strengthen management and improve tree resistance to disease. b Do a good job in clearing the garden, remove the disease, residue, dead tissue and reduce the source of germs. c In time, the lesions are scraped and treated, and the diseased part is scraped into a prismatic shape, coated with 50% Formamide or 21% arsenic solution. d Prior to germination, sprayed Formosa arsenic 80-100 times, or 200 times more sodium pentachlorophenol plus 100 times the mixture of Formicum arsenic to eradicate the pathogen. In May-September, spray the bactericide to spray branches and protect the trees. e Prevention and treatment of trunk diseases and pests, disease bridges, increase tree vigor.

Apple dry rot 1. Symptoms: Damage to branches and fruits. The branches were damaged by primary lavender lesions. They spread longitudinally along the branches. The tissues were dry and depressed. They were harder, had a rough surface, and cracked. The diseased part and the healthy part cracked and the surface was densely covered with small black spots. The victim's fruit, the initial fruit surface produces tan-colored dots, and gradually expand into rosy lesions. 2. Infection cycle: The pathogens wintered in the branches of the disease. Spring spores infested. The spores of the pathogen spread with the wind and rain, and invade through the wound, the shoots and the lenticels. With latent infestation characteristics, parasitic forces are weak and can only damage weak plants. The bacteria first lived on the dead tissue of the wound for a period of time and then invaded the living tissue. When the moisture of the bark was lower than normal, the bacteria expanded rapidly. Apples can develop in the growing season, with two peaks in 6-8 and October. 3. Incidence conditions: a weak tree is an important source of disease. b Severe drought or flood damage is an important factor that induces disease. c. Dry wounds are more likely to develop. 4. Prevention and control methods: a. Strengthen management, increase tree vigor, and improve tree disease resistance are key measures for disease prevention. b Scratch the lesions before germination, remove the bacteria source, and disinfect and protect with arsenic disinfection. c Apply timely spraying to protect stems and fruits. Before germination, spray 40% of Formamide Asbestos 80 times to eradicate the bacteria source. In May-August, spray the fungicide to prevent other diseases, evenly spray branches and fruits.

Apple ringworm disease 1. Symptoms: mainly damage branches and fruits, but also damage the leaves. a Branches: Small pods are formed on the 1-2-year-old shoot pedicels. Afterwards, irregular, round-shaped brown lesions are formed centered on diseased lice. The diseased part gradually splits between the diseased part and the healthy part. Tilt up, the disease is rough and rough skin. b Fruit: At the beginning of the disease, the center of the blush was formed on the surface of the fruit. The bluish-red spots gradually expanded into the roten, and the lesions were pale brown. The entire fruit became water-stained and softened and rotted. After the rotten fruit is basically not deformed, there are irregular black spots, and the flesh smells of wine. 2. Infection cycle: The pathogens overwinter in the damaged branches. The source of overwintering in the late May and early May temperatures is 15°C. Spores are emitted in the event of rain and can be distributed to mid-August. Spores are transmitted by wind and rain splashes, invading fruits and branches by the skin pores. About 10 days after flowering, young fruit was infested and the infection rate was highest from May to July. The bacteria that invaded the fruit did not immediately develop disease. It was in a latent state. The fruit began to develop in the near-maturity stage and became severe at the ripening stage and during the storage period. 3. Incidence conditions: The tree is weak and the disease is heavy. In the months of May and August, the incidence of heavy temperatures is heavy. 4. Prevention and control methods a. Strengthen the cultivation and management, and improve the resistance of the tree. b Scrape off the branches of the lesions and spray 40% Formamide 100 times aspirin before germination. c timely spraying protection: early spraying, spraying from the middle of May, combined with the prevention and treatment of other diseases such as dry rot, to late August, for continuous spraying protection against transmission infection. The effective agents are: 50% carbendazim 600 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times, 90% bisphosphonium aluminum 400 times, Bordeaux mixture 200-240 times, 50% eubacterial 700 times. All kinds of medicaments are used alternately and evenly sprayed on the surface of branches.

Apple anthracnose 1. Symptoms: mainly damage the fruit. At the early stage of disease, the fruit surface appeared light brown water spots and small round spots. The flesh had soft rot and bitter taste, the lesions turned funnel-like brown, and the surface was subsidence. When the lesions are 1-2cm, they are arranged in a concentric ring pattern, forming many small black spots. In the end, the whole fruit rots, and the dehydration shrinks into a dark fruit. 2. Infestation cycle: The pathogens overwinter on branches and stiff fruits of branch ulcers. The invasive period is mainly in the young fruit period where the fruit grows rapidly. Diseases generally begin to mature in July-August, especially after the occurrence of high temperature after rain. . Percutaneous wounds are directly invasive, and can be transmitted and invaded several times a year. 3. Incidence conditions: a hot and rainy year conducive to the spread of infectious epidemics. b. Canopy closure, poor drainage, hedgehog for windbreaks, and early disease development. c Red jade, chicken cocks, and Guoguang have an early onset of serious harm. Strong tree vigor is resistant to disease and harms lightly. 4. Control methods: a. Remove the source of overwintering bacteria, control the "central diseased plants", combine the winter shearing to remove dead branches and stamens, and find "central diseased plants" to remove dried fruit and small unsteady fruit, and the pathogenetic disease. Before germination, combined with the control of rot disease, spray 40% Formamide 100 times solution. c Spraying control during growth period: After apple Xiehua, in the middle of May, it began to combine the first drug for the prevention and treatment of ringworm disease. Drugs can be selected by using tetrobacter, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, Bordeaux mixture, etc., and various agents can be used alternately. d Serious disease parks and "central diseased plants" spray protection.

Apple Alternaria leaf disease 1. Symptoms: mainly damage young leaves, but also damage shoots and fruits. a. Leaves: brown spots appear on the leaves at the beginning of the disease. There are purple halos surrounding them. Several spots are connected when they are heavy. When the weather is wet, the molds grow on the opposite side of the spots. After young leaves are infested, the leaves shrink and deformed. b Petioles and young shoots: After the victim has suffered an oval brown depression, the leaves are easy to fold, easy to dry, and easy to fall off. c Fruit: Before and after August, there was a blush on the surface after rain and the center had brown spots. 2. Infection cycle: wintering in the affected area with bacteria. After flowering, it can invade and harm. After rain, it is easy to explode after the fast growing period of new shoots. The incubation period is short, the onset is long, and the number of onsets is high. 3. Incidence conditions: a rainy, heavy humidity, heavy, easy to cause a pandemic after the rain. b. The incidence of young leaves is heavy, and the diseased parts are mostly concentrated on the top of peripheral shoots. The onset of spring and autumn shoots is heavy. c is related to tree vigor and cultivation management: high management level, strong disease resistance, and weak tree disease. 4. Control methods: a. Strengthen the comprehensive management of soil, fertilizer and water, and increase the resistance to disease. b Clean orchards: In the late autumn and early spring, the diseased leaves will be cleared away and the diseased shoots cut off.
c Chemical control: spraying twice during the growth period of spring shoots and 1-2 times during the shoot growth period. Applicable pharmaceuticals: 50% acetaminophen 1500 times, 10% Polaroid 1500 times, 80% M-45 soluble powder 800 times, 1.5% polymycin 400 times, Bordeaux 200-240 times liquid. The use of a variety of agents alternately, evenly and carefully spray the leaves back.

Apple brown spot 1 symptoms: mainly damage the leaves, but also infect the fruit. The initial infestation of the leaves formed brown dots, and then gradually expanded into a nearly circular shape with a dark brown center and a yellow periphery. The diseased leaves turned yellow, and lesions around the diseased area had green halos. The black leaf spots on the surface of diseased leaves are important features of apple brown spot. 2. Infestation cycle: The pathogens are overwintering on diseased leaves, and conidiospores are produced in the spring. They are splashed from the back of the leaves near the ground by rainwater splash. The incubation period is 6-12 days, and the invasion period is about 13-55 days. Spores can be reinfested with wind and rain. The onset began in July, with the onset of the disease in July-August and stopped in October. 3. Onset conditions: a heavy rainfall, summer rainfall, early onset, serious harm, disease prone to pandemic. The b strong tree, high management level, disease resistance, and vice versa. The c-trees are low-lying, poorly drained, and the rainy year is prone to pandemic. 4. Treatment methods: a. Strengthen cultivation management, increase tree vigor, and increase disease resistance. b In autumn and winter seasons, the orchards are cleaned and concentrated to reduce the sources of overwintering bacteria. c. Dig ditches, level up the tree trays, and control the disease epidemic. d Spray protection in time. The Bordeaux mixture was sprayed three times in June, mid-July and mid-August. Prevention time, other agents reference ringworm, apple spot leaf disease prevention.

Apple powdery mildew 1. Symptoms: Apple's young shoots, shoots, leaves, flowers, young fruit can be affected. The victim's buds are dry and thin; the joints are shortened and the leaves are elongated and brittle; the leaves are white, and the diseased leaves are distorted and distorted. Some leaves are dark and white. Thin, severely malnourished; the disease often produces white spots on the septum or stalk and forms rust spots. 2. Infection cycle: Apple powdery mildew winters in winter bud scales or between scales. When spring flower buds are open, conidia are produced by the air flow. April-September is the period of pathogenic infection, and May-June is the period of infestation. When the temperature reaches 21-25°C and the relative humidity exceeds 70%, it is conducive to the reproduction and transmission of spores. 3. Incidence conditions: In the warm and dry year of spring, the soil is heavy, the fertilizer is single, and the management is extensive, which is conducive to disease. Red jade, Jonagold, and Jin Jin have been seriously affected. 4. Control methods: a. Strengthen cultivation and management, increase application of organic fertilizers and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, promote robust growth of fruit trees, and increase resistance to disease. b. Remove pathogens, combine with winter cuts, remove diseased branches, diseased buds, and remove diseased shoots and diseased shoots in the spring after germination. c Chemical control: spray 15% triadonine 1000 times before or after flowering. After combining with other diseases, spray paclobutrazol or diniconazole again can also have good control effect.

Apple tree round-spot root rot 1. Symptoms: From the roots of fibrous roots, round red-brown round spots around the fibrous roots, lesions expand and connect to each other, go deep into the xylem, so that the whole root blackened to death. The types of symptoms often exhibited in the shoots after the shoots are: wilting, dry-drying, leaf-blighting, and wilting. With the change of growth conditions, the condition of the disease appears to be on and off, and when the tree is strong, some diseased plants can recover on their own. 2. Infection cycle: The bacteria can survive in the soil for a long period of time, and can also live on the host plants. Only when the roots of the fruit trees are weakened, can they become ill. Therefore, drought, lack of fertilizer, soil salinization, poor soil compaction, and results The factors that lead to the weakening of the root system, such as excessive number, annual size, and serious pest damage, are the main conditions for inducing disease. 3. Control methods: a increase tree vigor, increase organic fertilizer, improve disease resistance. b Sterilize and sterilize the soil. The annual apple tree sprouting and late summer can be carried out. Excavate 3-5 radial grooves around the neck and neck, with a depth of 70cm, a width of 30-40cm, and a length up to the periphery of the root crown. Irrigation with the following agents: 50% multi-effects 600-fold, 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000-fold, 50% carbendazim 600-fold, 50% tetromycin 600-fold, 1% mecillin 200 Times of liquid, 500 times of copper sulfate water.

(3) Apple virus disease

Apple high-recession disease 1. Symptoms: Necrotic plaques appear on the surface of a part of the roots of the diseased tree at the time of first development. With the expansion of necrotic spots, the fibrous roots gradually die. After the death of the root system, the shoot growth was significantly reduced, and the leaf color turned yellow, the leaves were small, the quality was hard, and the leaves were early. The diseased trees have many flower buds, and the color of the fruit is good. The pulp is hard, the fruit is deformed, and it has streak spots. In the second year after onset, the fruit became smaller. 2. Source: Apple Decline is caused by an apple latent virus. The main poisons were apple stem pox virus, chlorotic leaf spot virus and stem groove virus combined infection. 3. Incidence conditions: On the resistant host, it exists in a latent state and does not show symptoms. Latent virus presents obvious symptoms when it encounters susceptible host species. Among the main cultivars in apple growing areas, there are chlorotic leaf spot virus, stem pox virus, and stem groove virus, and the rate of complex infection is high. 4. Control methods: a. Establish a strict quarantine system, and impose restrictions on people with potentially infected viruses. b Promote non-toxic production of seedlings and establish a virus-free seedling propagation system. c Use disease-resistant rootstocks, avoid using infected jellyfish as a basestock, and avoid high-swapping on these basestocks. d Strengthen management of disease-affected and disease-free trees, increase fertilizer and water, root soil, promote rooting of scions, and rejuvenate tree vigor.

Apple mosaic disease 1. Symptoms: mainly on the leaves, can form the following symptoms. a mottled type: diseased leaves appear unequal in size, shape, clear edge of the bright yellow spots. b Mosaic type: Large dark green and light green color changes appear on diseased leaves. The c-spot type: the diseased leaves are chlorotic along the veins, resulting in a reticular pattern of the entire leaf. d ring spot type: diseased leaves produce a bright yellow ring or near-ringed markings, the ring is still green. e rimmed type: Sawtooth edges and yellowing occur nearby. 2. Source: Caused by infection of the apple strain of Prunus necrotic ring spot virus. 3. Infection cycle and disease conditions: Apple trees become mosaic disease after infection with mosaic disease. Relies mainly on grafting and living tissue contact. When the soil is arid, tree vigor is weak, or when it is frost-damaged, it is good for symptoms. 4. Control methods: a breed non-toxic seedlings, use non-toxic scion. b Elimination of diseased plants, susceptible saplings, and inefficient tree should be eliminated in time.

(4) Major Insect Pests of Apple

Peach fruit borer 1. Injury: The larvae intruded into the fruit for 1-2 days and flowed teardrop-like pectin through the hole of the loquat fruit. After entering the fruit, plucking fruit and flesh in the vertical and downward direction under the skin, the fruit of the fruit was deformed. . 2. Morphological characteristics: adults: body length 5-8mm, forearm near the middle of the front edge has a blue-brown triangular large spot. Eggs: dark red, elliptic, 0.4 mm long, 2-4 circles "Y" shaped spines on top. Larvae: Newly hatched white, old-age larva pink, no gluteal callus.蛹 茧 茧 茧: winter 茧 garden type, summer 茧 spindle type. 3. Life history and habits: 2 generations a year, a few generations. The mature larvae lived in winter. In the second year, the overwintering larvae were excavated. The larvae began to unearth in mid-May and early in the month. The peak of excavation was in mid- and late June. Overwintering adults began to emerge in June and the peak period was in late June. Generation larvae matured and decomposed in late July and emerged as adults in early August. Mid-year can be harmed until late September to early October. Adults lay their eggs mainly in earthworms. The larvae are injected from the pupa and the pods live for 20-25 days. The phlegm phase is 12-20 days. 4. Treatment methods: a. Control and eradicate excavated earthworm larvae; In the middle, mid-July, July and mid-July, unearthed concentrated, ground application during the de-fruiting period, 50% sub-agriculture or 50% phoxim, or 50% 1605 Emulsions are 1-2 pounds per mu and 200 pounds of water is sprayed on the ground; powdered sand on the ground can also be used for spreading and spreading after application. b Adult ant-baited attractants, instructing the tree to spray eggs to control eggs and newly hatched larvae. Adults peaked at 3-5 days, and during the peak period of eggs, a few larvae were killed and the trees were sprayed. 30% peach Xiaoling 1500 times; 10% cypermethrin 2000 times spray. c timely removal of pod larvae. d Note the prevention and treatment of other fruit trees inside and outside apple orchards. e The ground is covered with soil and the base number of insects is reduced.

Pear borer 1. Harm: Damaged shoots and fruits of new shoots. The 1st and 2nd generations mainly damaged peach shoots, apple shoots, and petiole. The larvae mostly invaded from the upper leaves and grazing downwards. There were insect feces outside the boreholes, and the petal stems of the new shoots wilted and drooped. The larvae often make fruit from the pods or fruit shoulders and reach the fruit. 2. Morphological characteristics: The length of the adult body is about 5mm, gray-brown, and there are 10 groups of white twill on the front edge of the forewing. Eggs: pale yellowish white, flat oval 0.4-0.5mm, slightly raised in the center. Larvae: body length 10-13mm, pale yellow white and pink, abdomen end hips 4-7 sections.蛹: 5-7mm long, yellow-brown. 3. Life history and habits: 4-5 generations occur every year. The mature larvae in the fruit tree trunk gaps, rhizomes, etc., knot white thin pupa overwintering. In early April, overwintering larvae began to phlegm. The adult stages of each generation are: the wintering generation in the upper and middle of April, the first generation in the early June, the second generation in the middle of July, the third generation in the middle of August, and the fourth generation in the late September to early October. In the apple, peach and pear mixed planting gardens, the first and second generations mainly damaged new shoots, and the second and third generations started to harm the fruits and shoots. 4. Control methods: a scientific park, avoid mixing a variety of fruit trees.
b Elimination of overwintering. In late August, the overwintering larvae were old and dehydrated, and the trunks were tied with grass to trap and kill. c The insect pests are cut off in time to be buried deeply and burned. d. Induction of adult worms, use of sex attractants, sweet and sour liquid, and black light traps to kill overwintering adults and adults. e Pharmacy control: Emergence period of each generation to egg hatching period, depending on the rate of egg spraying. Pharmacy can be used 30% Tao Xiaoling 1500 times; 50% parathion 1200 times; 40% omethoate 1000 times. f eggs released Trichogramma, first and second generation of eggs, once every 4 days, put a total of 4-5 times, acre put 10-15 million heads of eggs to eliminate eggs.

Hawthorn red spider 1. Injury: mainly on both sides of the main vein on the back of the leaf damage, green spots in the victim site is large, severe leaf scorch early fall off. 2. Morphological characteristics: Female adults have bright red winter type, dark red summer type, body length of about 0.5mm. Eggs: orange to orange-red, spherical, diameter of about 0.15mm. If young: milky to emerald green. 3. Life history and habits: 8-9 generations a year, with fertilized female adults in the old warp skin, earth seam winter. In the second year of flowering buds, Guo Guoguang started to produce maggots. In late April, the next generation of eggs was laid. The next generation will be completed within 10-24 days, and the winter female adults will be overwintered by August and September. Hawthorn red spiders are mostly concentrated in the lower part of the canopy and in the inner litchi. The year of moderate drought is particularly serious. Failure to prevent and control in time can cause severe early defoliation. 4. Control methods: Before budding, scrape off the overwintering adult females under the old quagmire, split the root neck, and eliminate the overwintering female adults. b Spend 1.0-0.3 degrees lime sulfur before flowering, 1500 times 5% Nisolon, or 20% dying 2,000 times. During the period of 6-8 months, the density of insect populations can be controlled by Nissoline, sulfoxide, dimethazine, tyrosine, triazosin, and trimethoprim. In the mid-to-late days of c8, natural enemies can take full advantage of natural enemies to control red spiders.

Apple red spider 1. Injury: Sputum activity in the front and back of the leaf damage, the victim leaves a small chlorosis spots, when the damage is heavy, the leaves yellow-green, crisp, gray, but not easy to fall leaves. 2. Morphological characteristics: Female adult carcass was 0.45mm long, round body type, dark red color. Bristly thick, base with yellow-white knobs. Eggs: The garden is onion-shaped, with a setae at the top center, dark red winter eggs, and orange-orange summer eggs. 3. Life history and habits: 6-9 generations a year, with winter eggs in the main branches, lateral branches, leaves and wintering. In the early spring of Guoguanghua, the winter eggs enter the hatching period. The next generation will be completed in 9-21 days. From mid-June to mid-August, it will be the most serious period. High temperature and drought are conducive to mass reproduction and are prone to disaster. 4. Control methods: a early winter egg hatching peak can be used long-term acaricide killing the net, can be Polo; in the middle and late can be mixed with different types of acaricide. b Protection uses natural enemies.

二斑叶螨寄主复杂，繁殖力强，已对常用杀螨剂表现出较强抗药力，防治困难。1.为害状：主要在寄主叶背取食和繁殖，为害初期叶面沿叶脉附近出现许多细小失绿斑痕；为害加重，叶背面逐渐变褐色，叶面失绿呈苍灰绿色，变硬变脆，发生密度过高则大量垂丝拉网，严重时造成大量落叶。2.形态特征：雌成虫呈椭圆形，长约0.4mm，越冬虫体红色，取食后变白色。夏型雌成虫体色灰绿、黄绿色，体背两侧各有一个明显褐斑，褐斑外侧呈3裂。卵：呈圆球型，有光泽，直径约0.12mm，初产时无色透明，后渐变淡黄色。幼若螨：体半球型至椭圆型，体色由淡黄绿色至黄绿色。3.生活史及习性：一年7－9代，以受精雌成虫在树皮内，根茎周围土缝及杂草下群集越冬。树下越冬的个体，树上越冬的个体3月下旬陆续出蛰，在杂草活动取食，后陆续上树为害，4月上旬开花前，上树为害，早期多集中于树干和内膛徒长枝叶片上为害，逐渐向全树扩散。高温季节，8－10天可完成一代。干旱季节易严重为害成灾。4.防治方法：a谢花后及时铲除地面杂草，控制早期虫源。b越冬雌成螨出蛰前，刮除老翘皮、扒开根茎，消灭越冬雌成螨。c花后抓紧防治，越冬虫口密度大，苹果谢花后抓紧防治，用15％三唑锡1500倍液或1.8％阿维菌素4000倍液。d及时喷药：6－8月份虫口密度大时，可选用阿维菌素或三唑锡＋螨死净等进行防治。

金纹细蛾1.为害状：幼虫潜入叶片表皮下取食叶肉，造成下表皮与叶肉分离，叶背面形成皱褶，叶正面虫斑呈透明网眼状，为害重时可导致严重落叶。2.形态特征：成虫：体长约2.5mm，头部银白色，头顶端有2丛金色鳞片。体与前翅均为金褐色，前翅狭长，翅端部前后各有3条白色和褐色相间放射状条纹。卵：扁椭圆形，约0.3mm，乳白色，半透明，有光泽。3生活史及习性：一年发生5代，以蛹在被害落叶内越冬。早春苹果树发芽时，越冬代成虫羽化，成虫在根蘖、海棠和底层枝产卵。各代成虫盛期分别在：越冬代3月下旬至4月上旬；第一代5月下旬至6月上旬；第二代7月上、中旬；第三代8月中、下旬；第四代9月下旬。11月上、中旬在被害叶内化蛹越冬。4.防治方法：a消灭越冬蛹，落叶后清扫果园落叶。b用25％灭幼脲3号2000倍液；20％杀铃脲6000倍液。保护天敌跳小蜂。

银纹潜叶蛾1.为害状：幼虫在新梢叶片上表皮下潜食成线状虫道，由粗到细，最后在叶缘常形成大块，枯黄色虫斑。虫斑背面有黑褐色细粒状虫粪。2.形态特征：成虫：体长3-4mm，夏型成虫前翅端部有橙黄色斑纹，围绕斑纹有数条放射状灰黑色纹，翅端一小黑点。冬型成虫前翅端部橙黄色部分不明显，前半部有波浪形黑色粗细纹。卵：球形，直径.3-0.4mm，淡绿色。3.生活史及习性：一年发生4－5代，以冬型成虫在落叶、杂草中越冬。翌年5月中下旬在新梢叶背面产卵。幼虫为害至六月上、中旬老熟，在叶背结茧化蛹。第一代成虫发生在6月中、下旬，以后世代不整齐。4.防治方法：a落叶后清除树下落叶杂草，消灭越冬成虫。b喷药防治：选用25％灭幼脲3号2000倍液，或20％杀铃脲6000倍液，或者用40％甲基柳磷1200倍液喷药防治。

苹果绵蚜1.为害状：在愈伤组织、剪锯口、新梢叶脉、果梗、根部寄生为害，被害部位逐渐形成疣状虫瘿，以后虫瘿纵裂，形成伤口，虫体活动为害期间，虫体覆许多白色海绵状物。2.生活史及习性：一年发生12－18代，以若虫在树干伤疤，裂缝和近地表根部上越冬。5月上旬越冬若虫成长为成蚜，开始胎生第一代若蚜，5月下旬至6月是全年繁殖盛期。7－8月受高温和寄生蜂影响，蚜虫数量减退。9月份开始，虫口数量又有增长。到八月中旬若蚜进入越冬状态。3.防治方法：a发芽前期刮皮，扒根颈，用40％氧化乐果500倍加黄泥配成药浆，涂抹枝干，伤疤，清除越冬群落。b药剂涂干：3月中旬或5月上旬，在树干中部轻刮10－12cm宽的环，然后用50％甲胺磷或40％蚜灭多10－20倍液涂干。c活动期喷药：越冬若虫出蛰扩散后，喷药防治，可选用以下药剂：40％蚜灭多1500倍液。

绣线菌蚜1.为害状：成若蚜群集为害新梢、嫩芽和新叶，受害叶片向背面纵卷。2.生活史及习性：1年发生约10余代，以卵在枝条的芽缝或皮缝内越冬。翌年4月果树萌芽后开始孵化，5月上旬孵化结束。初孵幼蚜群集在叶或芽上为害，此时由于温度较低而繁殖较慢。6－7月间温湿条件适宜，繁殖力快，虫口密度迅速增长，为害加重。随气温升高，一部分迁至园外为害。8－9月份发生数量逐渐减少。10月开始出现性母，迁飞产生有性蚜，雌雄交配产卵越冬。3.防治方法：a药剂涂干：3月中、下旬，在树干中部轻刮皮呈10－15cm宽的环，涂抹40％氧化乐果,10天再涂一次。b喷药防治：5月下旬至6月份，树上喷药防治，药剂可用：10％吡虫啉6000倍，30％高渗天多威1200倍，2.5%扑虱蚜2500倍。

苹果瘤蚜1.为害状：成若蚜群集叶片、嫩叶和幼果吸食汁液，受害叶边缘向背面纵卷成条筒状，叶片肿胀，腋芽萌发，被害果面生凹陷红斑。2.生活史及习性：1年发生10多代，以卵在1－2年生枝芽缝，剪锯口倍位越冬。次年4月上旬，越冬卵孵化，自春季至秋季均孤雌生殖。通风不良，生长偏旺的元帅、金帅，青香蕉品种为害偏重。10－11月份出现性蚜，交尾后产卵，以卵越冬。3.防治方法：防治的关键是，在越冬卵孵化盛期细致喷药。
a药剂涂干，3月上、中旬用40％氧化乐果5－10倍液连续涂环，10天一次，连涂2次。
b喷药防治：关键在果树发芽至5月下旬期间，药剂用10％吡虫啉6000倍液；30％高渗灭多威1500倍液；10％安可利3000倍。

苹果小卷叶蛾1.为害状：苹果为害芽、叶、花和果实。小幼虫常将嫩叶边缘卷曲，以后吐丝缀合嫩叶；大幼虫常将2－3张叶片平贴，将叶片食成孔洞或缺刻。幼虫前期为害果实剥食果皮，9－10月份越冬前打眼为害果实。2.生活史及习性：每年发生3代，以1－2龄幼虫潜伏在剪锯口、枝叉缝隙及枯叶与枝条贴合处，做白色薄茧越冬。苹果花芽开绽期，越冬幼虫开始出蛰，金帅盛花期为幼虫出蛰盛期，国光初花期为出蛰末期。幼虫在嫩芽、花蕾，吐丝缀叶为害，3龄以上转移为害，幼虫老熟后，在卷叶内化蛹。各代成虫期分别发生在5月中、下旬、7月上旬、8月上、中旬和9月下旬、10月上旬。成虫有强烈趋光性和趋化性。3.防治方法：a刮皮涂药消灭越冬幼虫。冬季及早春发芽前，刮除老翘皮及越冬部位，幼虫尚末活动出蛰时，涂抹50％敌敌畏200倍液，消灭部分越冬幼虫。b喷药防治：越冬幼虫出蛰峰期至末期，各代幼虫孵化高峰期至2龄期，喷药防治，有效药剂有：90％敌百虫1000倍液，30％高渗灭多威1500倍液，25％灭幼脲3号2000倍液，20％杀铃脲6000倍液。c诱杀成虫：各代成虫发生期，用黑光灯，糖醋液性诱剂诱杀成虫。d赤眼蜂防治：越冬代成虫羽化初，开始释放赤眼蜂，每代放蜂4-5次，一次放蜂，可有效控制1－2年。

棉铃虫1.为害状：初孵幼虫先为害新梢嫩叶，形成豆粒大小孔间；2－3龄以后，蛀果为害，一头幼虫一生可蛀果2－5个。2.生活史及习性：一年发生3－4代，以蛹在土中越冬。翌年4月下旬羽化成虫，5月中、下旬一代幼虫为害苹果。一代成虫盛期在6月中、下旬，7月上旬为二代幼虫为害盛期。二代成虫盛期在8月上、中旬；8月中、下旬为三代幼虫为害期。10月上、中旬幼虫老熟入土化蛹越冬。成虫趋光性强。3.防治方法：a果园尽力不种棉花、西瓜、蕃茄、花生、大豆等诱其产卵的作物，控制虫源。b各代成虫期用黑光灯、性诱剂诱杀成虫。c药剂防治：一代幼虫期是关键，在孵化盛期至二龄幼虫蛀果前，喷药，药剂可用25％棉神1号1500倍液，棉铃虫抗性发展快，要注意及时更新农药品种。

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