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Winter wheat fertilizer use technology
The fertilization of winter wheat in the vegetative growth stage (emergence, tillering, wintering, returning green, getting up, jointing) is mainly aimed at promoting tillering and increasing panicles, while at the reproductive growth stage (preparation, heading, flowering, filling, maturing), it is increased. Granule weight gain is dominant. Due to the differences in climate, soil, cultivation practices, and varietal characteristics, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium absorbed by wheat plants throughout their lives and their distribution in different parts of the plant also vary. Taken together, it is generally believed that for every 100 kilograms of wheat produced, about 2.8-3.2 kilograms of pure nitrogen, about 1-1.5 kilograms of phosphorus, and 2-4 kilograms of potassium, and about 1:0.4:1 of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are needed. . Among them, nitrogen and phosphorus were mainly concentrated in sub-plots, which accounted for 76% and 82.4% of the total content of the whole plant. Potassium was mainly concentrated on the stems and leaves, with a total content of 77.6% of the whole plant. The amount of N, P and K nutrients absorbed by winter wheat during various growth and development stages is: before and after returning to the green stage, the absorbed nutrients and accumulated dry matter are less; the absorption rate increases after turning green, and the nutrients are absorbed from jointing to heading. The fastest period of accumulated dry matter; after flowering, the absorption rate of nutrients gradually decreased. The absorption of nitrogen by winter wheat has two peaks: one is from tillering to winter, the other is from jointing to booting, and the latter peak is much larger than the previous peak. The analysis results of winter wheat plants with a yield of 6188 kg/ha by the Soil and Fertilizer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences showed that the nitrogen absorbed during the vegetative growth stage accounted for 40% of the total growth period, phosphorus accounted for 20%, and potassium accounted for 20%; from jointing to flowering, it was wheat. The peak period of absorption of nutrients was about 48% of nitrogen absorption, 67% of phosphorus, and 65% of potassium. After the grain formation, the absorption of nutrients decreased significantly. Therefore, there should be sufficient nitrogen and adequate phosphorus and potassium nutrition in the wheat seedling stage. According to the fertility law and nutritional characteristics of wheat, base fertilizer should be re-used and topdressing should be applied early. The amount of basal fertilizer should generally account for 60% to 80% of the total amount of fertilizer, and top dressing should account for 40% to 20%. (1) Basal fertilizers for wheat basal should be farmyard fertilizers, with the application of chemical fertilizers. Applying basal fertilizer to cultivate strong seedlings and promote effective tillering and grain development plays an important role. The amount of topdressing fertilizer varies greatly from place to place. Generally, on the basis of 30-75 tons of farmland manure per hectare, a certain amount of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer is applied in the north, and nitrogen is applied in the southern winter wheat area. Potassium or nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers. Generally in the soil with high fertility, 1/3 nitrogen fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer. Apply 75-150 kg of urea or 225-300 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per hectare. If the fertility of the soil is high, the amount of manure used by the farm is large, and the base fertilizer may not be applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The nitrogen fertilizer is used as a forced fertilizer. For medium-sized plots, 1/2 of the nitrogen fertilizer can be used as a base fertilizer, applying 112.5-225 kg of urea or 375-600 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per hectare. For a plot with low fertility, 2/3 of nitrogen fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, and 150-255 kg of urea or 450-750 kg of ammonium bicarbonate is applied per hectare. In plots with low fertility and no irrigation water, nitrogen fertilizers are generally used as base fertilizers. Generally, phosphorus fertilizers should be applied to wheat fields with soil available phosphorus below 20 mg/kg. Apply 450-750 kg calcium phosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer per hectare. Basal fertilizer, it is better to use Phosphate and farmyard fertilizers after mixing or stacking, which can reduce the contact between phosphorus fertilizer and soil, prevent the fixation of water-soluble phosphorus, and use the absorption of wheat. When the soil available potassium is lower than 50 mg/kg, potassium fertilizer should be added, and 75-150 kg of potassium chloride per hectare. Saline-alkali land is best applied potassium sulfate, when the effective zinc in the soil is less than 0.5 mg/kg, zinc fertilizer can be applied every year, and about 15 kg of zinc sulfate per hectare. (2) Seeding Fertilizer When wheat is sown, a small amount of fertilizer can also be used as a seed fertilizer to ensure that wheat can be absorbed into nutrients in time after emergence, which has a good effect on increasing the growth of winter wheat tiller and secondary roots. The application of wheat seed fertilizer in insufficient basal fertilizer or poorly-fertilized soil and late-seeding wheat field has a more significant effect on yield increase. Fertilizer can use urea 30-45 kilograms per hectare, or ammonium sulfate 75 kilograms per hectare and superphosphate 75-150 kilograms. Seeds and fertilizers are best broadcast separately. Ammonium bicarbonate should not be used as a fertilizer. (3) Topdressing According to the needs of each growth and development stage of wheat, the top-dressing is an important measure to obtain high yield. Are described as follows: 1 seed dressing fertilizer: seed dressing fertilizer referred to as "miao Fei", generally in the early stages of emergence of the tiller, per hectare topdressing ammonium bicarbonate 75-150 kg or urea 45-75 kg or a small amount of human waste . Its role is to promote uniform seedlings and increase the number of tillers before winter, especially for the lack of basic seedlings or late sowing of wheat. In low-yielding soils, such as muddy fields and wet fields where the hilly dry land and nutrients are decomposed slowly, the effect of drought and fertilizer application is good. However, for wheat fields with adequate basal and seed fertilizers, it is not necessary to top-dress the seedlings at the seedling stage. 2 Over-winter fertilizer: also known as "paraffin fertilizer", the southern and the Yangtze River have a heavy application of wax fertilizer habits. The wax fertilizer is based on the application of semi-efficient and slow-lasting man-made fertilizers. For the three types of seedlings, the main fertilizers should be quick-acting fertilizers to promote long-rooted tillering and grow into strong seedlings, prompting rapid transformation and upgrading of the three types of seedlings. For northern winter wheat areas, sowing seedlings that are later in the day, individuals growing poorly, and having fewer tillers, and no fertilizers at the early part of the tillering stage, are generally required to adopt spring fertilizer winterization measures and combine top dressing with frozen water to apply nitrogen fertilizer before and after the light snowfall. , Ammonium bicarbonate 75-150 kg or 45-75 kg urea per hectare, for the application of Miao Fei can not apply "flue fertilizer." 3 return to the green fertilizer: poor fertility, insufficient base fertilizer, late planting, less tillering before winter, wheat fields growing weaker, should be early recovery or regain green manure. Ammonium bicarbonate 225-300 kg or urea 45-75 kg per hectare, should be applied more than 6 cm deep is appropriate. For the basal fertilizer is sufficient, and the winter wheat field is not suitable to go back to green manure. 4 Top dressing fertilizer during jointing stage: The jointing fertilizer is applied after the peak of winter wheat tiller, promotes the formation of panicle into big panicle, raises the rate of succession of panicles, promotes the differentiation of floret, and strives to obtain large panicles and grains. The growth of the jointing wheat seedlings is usually divided into three types, and the corresponding top dressing and management measures are adopted. Wang Miao: leaf shaped like pig ears, dark green leaves, leaves wide and soft, down drape, a lot of childbirth, there are phenomena. Nitrogen fertilizers should not be applied to such seedlings, and watering should be controlled. Strong seedlings: leaves shaped like donkey ears, leaves are longer and the color is green and blue, and the tips of the leaves are slightly slanted, and the tillers are moderate. For this kind of wheat seedlings, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be applied, and 150-225 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 45-75 kg of urea can be applied per hectare, with the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, 75-150 kg of calcium phosphate and 45-75 kg of potassium chloride per hectare. And with watering. Weak seedlings: Leaves shaped like horse ears, yellow-green leaves, small leaves upright, few tillers, showing lack of fertilizer. For this type of wheat seedlings, more available nitrogen fertilizer should be applied, and 300-600 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 150-225 kg of urea should be applied per hectare. 5 Fertilizers at the booting stage: The main nitrogen fertilizer during the booting stage is less. Generally 75-150 kg of ammonium sulfate or 45-75 kg of urea is applied per hectare. 6 late fertilization: After the heading of wheat still need some of the elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. At this time, the root system of wheat is aging and its absorption capacity is weakened. Therefore, the method of top dressing is generally adopted. From earing to milk ripening, such as yellow wheat leaves, there is a phenomenon of premature aging of deferred fertilizer, can be sprayed with 1% ~ 2% concentration of urea, spraying solution per hectare about 750 liters. For wheat fields with a dark-green leaf color and a late-maturing trend of glutinous green, 750 liters of a 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed per hectare. In recent years, in production practice, spraying growth regulators and trace elements such as fulvic acid, nucleotides, amino acids, etc. in the later stage of wheat growth have played a role in increasing wheat yield.