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Silicon-calcium fertilizers improve soil resistance with stress and yield
Silicon is the second most abundant element in soil, but most of the silicon in the soil is not effective for plants. Although silicon is not an essential element of all crops, it is necessary for the healthy growth and development of rice, sugarcane and other crops. Silicon is the first major element that rice needs, and its requirement exceeds the sum of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Silicon fertilizer has the functions of "three resistances, three enhancements, and two improvements." The third resistance is lodging resistance, resistance to pests and diseases, and resistance to stress; the third promotion is the promotion of photosynthesis, the promotion of root growth and development, and the promotion of nutrient absorption and utilization; and the second improvement is improvement of crop quality and soil improvement. There are two main ways to supplement silicon in the silicon-deficient soil: one is to supplement silicon through irrigation water, and the other is to use silicon fertilizer. Silicon fertilizer is a special fertilizer used to meet the growing needs of rice and other crops. There are three main types of silicon used in current production. The first category is water-soluble silicon fertilizers such as sodium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium persilicate, and sodium metasilicate. These fertilizers are fast-acting fertilizers that are quick and have the disadvantage of high pH and expensive prices. The second type is the use of industrial solid waste processed silicon fertilizer. This kind of fertilizer belongs to the leaching soluble slow-acting fertilizer, which is mainly powdered or granular silicon-calcium fertilizer produced by mechanical grinding of blast furnace slag - water quenched slag and yellow phosphorus slag. The pH of this type of silicon fertilizer is alkaline, containing 20% ​​to 30% of effective silica and about 30% of calcium oxide. Its advantages lie in the utilization of waste resources, with the characteristics of circular economy, high agronomy, economic and environmental benefits, and low prices, but the disadvantages are excessive usage and inconvenience in transportation. The third category is silicate inoculants, commonly known as “biosilicone fertilizersâ€, belonging to bacillus with the functions of dissolving potassium, dephosphorizing and desolving silicon, which can decompose silicate minerals in soil and release effective potassium and phosphorus. And silicon. Its advantage is to use the silicon-containing minerals in the soil, which has the concept of green and environmental protection. The disadvantage is that the product price is too high, and the stability of its production effect needs to be further observed and tested. The use of blast furnace slag (water quenching slag) can be processed into a more ideal silicon calcium fertilizer. In the 1950s, Japan took the lead in adopting national legislation and establishing national standards, which stipulated that fertilization of rice must use steel slag calcium and calcium fertilizers together with N, P, and K fertilizers. The amount of silicon and calcium fertilizers should be more than 1 million tons per year and reach 3 million during the peak period. Ton. The promotion and application of silicon-calcium fertilizer played a key role in post-war Japan's efforts to ensure rice self-sufficiency and high yield and quality of rice. Southeast Asian rice producing countries, South America and North America also commonly use silicon-calcium fertilizers. Since the 1970s, China has successively applied silicon and calcium fertilizers in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces. . Field trials have shown that silicon-calcium fertilizers have a good yield-increasing effect on crops. The yield increases ranged from 5% to 29% for rice, 5% to 15% for wheat, 10% to 35% for peanut, 5% to 20% for soybean, 5% to 25% for sugarcane, 4% to 20% for corn, and 10% for sesame ~ 15%, cotton 5% to 15%, hemp 10% to 25%, vegetables 5% to 20%, strawberries 5% to 30%, watermelon 10% to 25%, cucumber 10% to 20%. At the same time, the application of silicon-calcium fertilizers can improve the quality of agricultural products, such as rice protein content and whole polished rice rate increased, while chalkiness decreased, apple's sugar content, coloring rate and storability increased significantly, tomato vitamin C content and Sugar cane production has increased significantly. Silicon application is of great significance for reducing the use of pesticides, reducing pesticide residues, neutralizing and improving acidic soils, inactivating the activity of heavy metals in soil, reducing the heavy metal content of agricultural products, and improving agricultural products and environmental safety.