Starch, as the main energy substance of ruminant animal feed, has been widely concerned by domestic researchers because it is easy to be digested and absorbed by ruminants, increases the energy concentration of the diet, and has high utilization efficiency. Cereal feeds are generally rich in starch, Herrera-Saldena.RE, Cone.JW, Philippeau.C. and other foreign scholars have studied the degradation rate of some cereal feed starch in the rumen, and obtained some data; domestic scholars on cereal feed starch The study of degradation in the rumen is not enough. Based on this point, the use of nylon bag method to determine the degradation rate of 7 kinds of common grain feed starch in the rumen, aiming to establish a database of common grain feed starch degradation rate, which is reasonable for the supplement material of ruminants. Preparation provides technical parameters. 1.1 Test animals Six healthy goats (100.5kg), Liuyang Black Goat, were selected and were castrated, sterilized and fed in single cages. The permanent rumen fistula was installed after the diet was adjusted. 1.2 Test raw materials and raw material processing Cereal feeds: corn, wheat, barley, buckwheat, rice, millet, and sorghum. The grain feed is placed in a thermostatic oven at 60-65°C for 8-12 hours, and then crushed by 1mm sieve to ensure that the particles are fine. Degree, bagging spare. Its nutritional composition is shown in Table 1. Table 17 Nutritional Ingredient Table for Grain Feed (Dry Matter Base) (%) Sample name starch Dry matter Organic matter Crude protein Crude fat barley wheat corn Buckwheat Sorghum Rice Millet 1.3 Trial-based diets The basal diet of the trial is based on the nutritional needs and feeding standards of about 10kg Chinese green goats. The basic diet composition and nutritional level are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Composition of the basal diet and nutritional level (% dry matter) ingredient Ratio (%) Nutrition index content corn ME (Mcal/kg) Wheat bran Soybean meal UDP (%) Rapeseed cake Urea NDF (%) salt ADF (%) Premix Corn stalk total 1.4 Feeding Management The experimental sheep were raised in a single cage and fed twice a day at 07:00 and 18:00 respectively. After feeding the concentrate, the sheep was fed with coarse material and the ratio of crude to crude was 1:1. Before the start of the trial, fasting was performed before morning feeding. The prefeeding period was 7 days and the feeding period was 2 days. 1.5 test program Six goats, Liuyang black goats with rumen fistulas with similar body weight and good health status, were randomly divided into 2 groups with 3 sheep in each group. Barley, rice, sorghum, buckwheat, wheat, millet, and corn were measured in batches. The dynamic degradation rate of cereal starch in the rumen. This test is designed At 7 time points: 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36h, there are 2 repeating nylon bags for each sheep at each time point. A nylon cloth with a hole diameter of 420 mesh was cut into 15cm10cm pieces, folded in two, and the double channel was pressed with a plastic sewing machine to make a nylon bag having a length and width of 10cm7cm. Weigh 5g of feed into the nylon bag and seal it with a plastic sewing machine. A nylon mesh bag containing 12 small nylon bags was placed in the rumen of each sheep one hour after the morning feeding (the nylon bag at time 0 was not placed). The nylon mesh bag's mouth is tightened with nylon thread and hung on the plug. At each time point, two parallel nylon bags were removed from the rumen of each sheep using forceps, and the corresponding nylon bag number was recorded. The removed nylon bag was immediately rinsed under medium tap water, and then placed in a refrigerator for refrigerating. Until all nylon bags are removed. Put all the nylon bags taken out together with the nylon bags at time 0 into the washing machine, wash them in the standard state, and wash until the water is clear. The washed nylon bag was dried in an oven at 65°C, and then the starch content in the water-washed sample was measured as it was and at different time points. See Table 3 for the operating procedure of starch dynamic degradation rate in feed. Table 3 Dynamic starch degradation rate in feeds project Dietary crude ratio: 1:1 Feeding level: 1.3 times maintaining feeding level Feeding times: 2 Sample grinding particle size: 1.0mm Number of experimental animals: 3 Test days: 2d Number of parallel bags: 2 Sampling procedures: all in/out gradually Training time: 0,2,4,8,12,24,36h 1.6 Determination of starch The starch is hydrolyzed into disaccharides using thermostable amylase and then hydrolyzed to glucose with amyloglucosidase (AmG). The starch is calculated by determining the glucose content on a Beckman Synchron CX4/Pro automatic biochemical analyzer. The content. Its calculation formula is: Total starch content = G (100/W) 0.9100% Note: In the formula, G is the glucose content in the hydrolysis sample (mg/mL), W is the dry matter weight of the sample (mg), and 0.9 is the conversion of starch and glucose. Result calculation and statistics 2.1 Calculation of starch degradation rate at each time point The degradation rate (dp)% of starch at different time points is calculated according to the following formula: (dp)%=[(feed starch weight in the bag at the time of delivery - weight of feed starch in the residual bag at a certain point of time)/feed dry matter in the bag (starch) weight] 100 2.2 Effective degradation rate of starch (P) Calculated according to the formula proposed by Arskov and McDonald: R(t)=U+De-kd(t) and P=S+(Dkd)/(kd+kp) In the formula: R(t)-remaining rate at a certain time point, non-degradable portion of U-starch (theory is considered to be zero), and slow-degrading portion of D-starch (theoretically, D= 100-S,S is the degradation rate constant of Kd-D. Data processing was performed using SAS (SASforWindows, Release6.12) software package for statistical analysis. Test results and analysis In this study, the Ruminal Nylon Bag method was used to determine the degradation parameters and degrading rates of starch degradation in seven commonly used grain feeds according to the ruminal degradation model of feed nutrients proposed by Arskov and McDonald. From Table 4, it can be seen that the effective degradation rates of the seven types of cereal feed starch are as follows: barley, wheat, corn, rice, buckwheat, and sorghum millet, which are 97.05%, 96.28%, 55.37%, 45.23%, 44.10%, 42.58%, 36.43%, respectively. With the prolongation of the sample in the rumen, the disappearance rate of starch in different samples increased. For the same kind of feed, the total starch content in different varieties of feed is different, and the physical and chemical properties of the starch contained in it are also different. These are the main factors that affect the degradation of starch in the rumen. The results of this test were different from the results of rumen degradability of the five cereal starches measured by Herrera-Saldana et al. using the rumen-negative bag method, which may be related to different varieties of feed. The starch degradation rate of corn in this experiment was 55.37%, which is consistent with the results obtained in Chile and is similar to that of Ren Ying. Degradation model parameters wheat In this study, ruminal nylon bags were used to determine the ruminal degradability of 7 types of common grain feed starch. The results showed that the effective degradation rate of barley was the highest in the 7 kinds of commonly used cereals, followed by wheat, corn, rice, buckwheat, and sorghum. Millet starch has the lowest effective degradation rate.
Single dome hollow type operating lamp, the key components of the LED ot lamp are made of international famous brand and for the operation of the surgical lamp is stable and reliable; the lens and PC cover of the operating lamp are hardened to resist radiation,. the lamp light is softer, not make intense stumilation on docotor and patient's eyes; much safty and reliable; the OT lamp adopts the shock prooof, antiseptic proof material, durable and easy to clean, not affected by wiping or long-term use.
Single Dome Hollow Ot Lamp,Single Dome Operating Theatre Light,Single Dome Operating Room Light,Single Dome Surgery Room Light Shandong Lewin Medical Equipment Co., Ltd. , https://www.lewinmed.com
Materials and Methods
in conclusion 