Golden straw hat agricultural technology expert, senior agronomist, senior fertilizer formulator, member of Shandong Province Agricultural Expert Group, visiting professor at China Agricultural University. He engaged in agricultural research and agricultural technology promotion for more than 30 years, published more than 20 papers, and obtained 4 invention patents, of which 2 were awarded by the experts from the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Science and Technology. Cucumber prices have remained high since this summer. In Beijing's Baliqiao, Xinfadi and other agricultural product wholesale markets, it has been learned that the current wholesale price of vegetables has risen by over 10%, and the price of cucumber has risen significantly. Cucumber prices in some areas in Shandong have increased by 50% to 70%. At this time, farmers have to seize business opportunities. But how can cucumbers be grown to ensure high yields and quality? "Agricultural Resources" invited Golden straw hat agricultural technology expert Jin Weidian teacher guest "reporter Agricultural Technology Lecture", for the majority of farmers to explain "Cucumber high-yielding cultivation techniques." Chapter 1 Biological Characteristics of Cucumber To grow a good cucumber, we must first understand the growth characteristics of cucumber, such as fertilization, temperature and other conditions, which are helpful for high yield, high quality and disease resistance of cucumber. The roots of cucumber are divided into main roots, lateral roots and adventitious roots. Its main characteristics are: shallow roots, generally distributed in the soil 20 to 50 cm, undeveloped root systems, less roots, easy lignification, poor regeneration, not tolerant to cold, nor Heat-resistant. Cucumber flowers are bisexual flowers. Under certain temperature conditions and under specific nutrient conditions, female flowers and male flowers can be converted to each other under specific environmental stimuli. Can be self-pollination, but the media pollination better, can make cucumber good quality and high yield. Cucumber light, fat, gas, heat conditions are as follows: Light: Cucumbers belong to short-day crops. Generally, they grow well when the sunshine time is 8 to 11 hours. Long or short sunshine hours will be detrimental to cucumber growth. Water: Cucumbers have a high demand for water. Although they require large amounts of water, they are not resistant to water. The soil moisture grows well between 60% and 90%, and the seedling period is 60% to 70%. Fertilizer: Cucumber is fat, but not fat. Therefore, fertilization should be based on a small number of fertilization methods. For every 1,000 kilograms of cucumber produced, about 3 kilograms of pure nitrogen, 1 kilogram of phosphorus pentoxide, 2.5 kilograms of potassium oxide, 1.5 kilograms of calcium oxide, and 1 kilogram of magnesium oxide are needed. Flowering also requires the coordination of boron and molybdenum. In addition, organic fertilizer and biological fertilizer are the key to high yield and quality of cucumber. Gas: Cucumbers require enough air in the soil. The root system absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen in the leaves. In other words, if cucumbers are to grow well, the soil must have good air permeability. Heat: The suitable growth temperature of cucumber is 10~32°C, and the best growth is at 25~28°C, and the best temperature is 15~20°C at night. The optimum ground temperature is 20-25°C. When the ground temperature is lower than 10°C, the root growth is hindered. Under normal ground temperature conditions, cucumbers can tolerate temperatures below -2°C for a short time. If the temperature is higher than 32°C, the growth of cucumber is hindered. If the temperature is higher than 45°C for a long time, the production will be severely reduced and the quality will decline. Chapter II Soil Treatment Technology In recent years, many crop diseases have been caused by heavy cropping, such as bacterial wilt and blight, and root-knot nematodes, which have a great impact on cucumber yield. (a) Soil-borne diseases and root-knot nematodes. Solution: Correct use of biological and organic fertilizers. Avoid the use of raw chicken manure, pig manure, duck manure, and other livestock manure without adequate decomposing. At present, raw manure is used in many places, causing serious root-knot nematodes in the soil. Therefore, raw manure cannot be applied. (b) Trace elements are missing and a large number of elements are excessive. Solution: Do a good job in soil testing and formula fertilization. Supplementary trace elements. (3) Self-toxicity of crops. The issue of double cropping can also cause autotoxicity in crops. In addition to absorbing nutrients, crops also secrete certain toxins into the soil during the growth process. Accumulation of toxins can harm the root system. Solution: In the actual production, applying more microbial fertilizer will have a good detoxification effect on the soil. (d) The pH of the soil. Soil acidification can cause damage to crop roots. Soil acidification is basically due to the long-term application of neutral and acidic fertilizers, which is also likely to cause secondary salinization. In many greenhouses, acidification of the lower layer of soil and salinization of the surface soil have occurred. The main manifestations are: hoarfrost, green moss, and red frost. These three kinds of soil are not conducive to crop growth. The solution is as follows: Acidic soil treatment: Rational fertilization, acidic soils for weak alkaline and neutral fertilizers; treatment with lime or zeolite; use of bio-organic fertilizers, humic acid fertilizers, etc. to balance soil pH, buffering the root damage caused by soil acidification . Alkaline soil treatment: rational fertilization; use of acidic fertilizers (gypsum, sulfur, etc.); more use of biological bacteria and organic fertilizers, buffering the root cause of the phenomenon of injury, and balance the soil pH. Because chemicals such as lime and gypsum are harmful to crops, microbial and organic fertilizers should be used to neutralise the acid and alkalinity of the soil. For example, humic acid, humic acid adsorption capacity is relatively strong, in recent years a large number of experimental demonstration found that humic acid to improve soil acidity, the effect is better. Chapter III Formula Fertilization Technology China has conducted soil testing and formula fertilization throughout the country since 2004 and has achieved good results throughout the country in these years. However, soil testing for each household is still difficult to achieve. According to the principles of fertilizer absorption and absorption of crops, it is necessary to add as much fertilizer as possible, and it must not be excessive or lost. According to the target yield formula, conduct scientific fertilization. At present, in many places, there is a lack of understanding of carbon in a large number of elements. When formula fertilizing, the supplementation of carbon is neglected, and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements is insufficient, and the effects are not exerted. In the soil around the roots, the use of a large amount of fertilizers containing relatively abundant carbonic elements such as humic acid is very effective in increasing yield and improving disease resistance. Formula fertilizer is not only a simple formula of NPK, but also a large number of elements, trace elements, organic matter, and biological bacteria need to be taken into consideration. In this way, the disease resistance and insect resistance of crop roots can be improved, and a solid foundation can be laid for increasing the yield. Chapter IV New Types of Pest Control Cucumber downy mildew, epidemic disease and keratoses are all old diseases, and macular disease and fluidic gum disease frequently occur in recent years. (A) the occurrence of cucumber gum disease and control. Cucumber effluent is not caused only by flowing glue, but is caused by improper management, missing trace elements, or excessive fertilization after many diseases occur. Causes: Poor management, high humidity, lack of timely ventilation, excessive drought, or excessive watering, or unreasonable temperature control can all cause fluidism. The presence of pathogenic bacteria or epidemics, diseases, blight, etc., caused the wound to rupture, so that other viruses also entered the plant body, causing the disease to gradually increase. Therefore, it is more difficult to prevent and cure these problems. Prevention and control methods: The main problem of fluid injection is prevention. After the illness, there are many treatments on the Internet, but the results are not satisfactory. It is a passive method to prevent gums from appearing. Therefore, we must improve the cucumber's ability to resist diseases and develop its root system so that it can grow robustly, thereby increasing disease resistance, other diseases, and ulcers. Diseases and other epidemics are gone, and natural fluids will not occur. Last year, the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences carried out a test on the glue injection. The test results showed that it was a bacterial disease. If it is a soil-borne disease, it must be applied to the soil with trace elements in combination with a good organic microbial fertilizer, thereby reducing the use of nitrogen fertilizer. The disease resistance of crops has been improved, there is no disease, and there is less natural gum disease. (b) The occurrence and control of cucumber root knot nematodes. Cause: The use of organic fertilizer with eggs; soil environment suitable for the occurrence and reproduction of root-knot nematodes. How does a root-knot nematode come from? In the last 10 years or so, most farmers have brought this eggs or adults into the soil by applying raw animal manure (raw chicken manure, raw duck manure, raw pig manure, or some producers without organic fertilizer). Make it multiply in the soil. In recent years, the soil has used a large amount of chemical fertilizers to cause soil acidification. However, root-knot nematodes live in an acidic or slightly acidic environment with a pH of 4.5-8. Control methods: chemical control (with thiazole, etc.). Biological control (Paecilomyces lilacinus, etc.): Can be flooded with large water. Before the crop is planted, the land is flooded with water and covered with plastic film to block and kill. The efficiency of this operation can be controlled to above 95%, the effect is ideal, the cost is relatively low, and the operation is simple. Chemicals such as thiazolyl can also be used. However, once the root-knot nematode enters the soil, it is impossible to completely kill it. Once the root-knot nematode encounters toxic substances, it will partially penetrate into deeper, non-toxic soil, and they will come back after the efficacy disappears. Therefore, once the root knot nematode is found in the soil, no matter whether it is used as medicine or rooting, it will not be eradicated by 100% and can only be reduced. As long as the environment is not conducive to its reproduction, the damage will be greatly reduced. The best way to control root-knot nematodes is biological control, where bacteria are used to treat bacteria and pests are used to treat pests. At present, it has been confirmed in the international and domestic that Beauveria bassiana and other microorganisms have certain preventive and therapeutic effects on root-knot nematodes. In the future, under the scientific basis, the corresponding beneficial bacteria can be added to formula fertilizer. However, it is not possible to blindly use all kinds of microorganisms, because any two kinds of microorganisms may have a scorpion effect.
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