Soil orchard improvement measures in orchards

If apple orchards, pears, peaches, plums, oranges, and other orchards are constructed in shallow or thin soils or in barren hills or in waste lands, they have not been planted and fertilized before they are planted. Poor, low fertility, low organic matter, and unfavorable pH. Therefore, it is advisable to adopt the following measures as soon as possible to address specific problems.

First, deepen the cultivation layer

An orchard with a large slope, heavy soil erosion, and a shallow layer of cultivated land, a repaired terrace or an excavation platform to reduce the flow rate of the slope water, thereby reducing the erosion of the surface layer of mature soil. At the same time, intensively cultivating tabletop rows, paying attention to farmyard manure and large-scale green manure, and conducting reasonable intercropping to deepen the soil active layer and accelerate ripening, it can gradually become a garden suitable for the growth of fruit trees.

Second, improve soil structure

The poorly-structured heavy clay, heavy sand and gravel soils are mixed by “customs and soil mixing”, that is, heavy clay mixed with sand, heavy sand mixed with clay, pond mud and river mud, and gravel soil to remove large gravel with pond mud or Clay, combined with the former re-applied organic fertilizer and reasonable intercropping, can be slowly improved into a well-structured soil.

Third, increase organic matter

Organic matter is the residue of plants on the ground or various organic substances applied by humans. It is divided into two categories: fresh organic matter and humus. It is a unique organism in soil. How much organic matter content is an important indicator of soil fertility, but also an important condition for the growth of fruit trees is good. The organic matter content of orchards in China is generally only 1-2%, and the requirement for most fruit trees should be 3-5%.

The method for increasing and maintaining the soil organic matter content is to turn green manure, increase manure, compost, earth miscellaneous fertilizer and crop processing waste, and cover the grass on the ground to keep the soil loose and breathable.

Fourth, adjust the pH

Different soils have different pH values. For example, the optimum pH value for apple is pH 5.4-6.8, pear 5.8-7, peach 4.5-7, and orange 5.5-6.5. When the PH value is 6, the effective use of phosphorus is the largest. At this time, the phosphorus is in the monocalcium phosphate state. When the PH value is less than 5.5, the harmful effects of alumina and ammonium ions in the soil are the strongest, making the phosphoric acid and copper solid and unable to For root absorption.

The method of adjustment, in addition to doing well water management, turning green manure and increasing organic fertilizers, acid soils with a pH value of 5.5 or less, mostly alkaline and slightly alkaline fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate, ammonia, lime nitrogen, calcium and magnesium Phosphorus, rock phosphate, grass ash, etc., if necessary, increase the lime, so that the acid in the soil and calcium in the lime combined to generate calcium sulfate, thereby reducing soil acidity.

Alkaline soils with a PH value of more than 8 will cause physiological disorders such as apple, pear, and citrus, and cause yellowing and deficiency of the leaves. The method of adjustment is:

1. Apply more organic and acidic fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, calcium superphosphate, and potassium sulfate during fertilization. Use the acid in these fertilizers to neutralize the alkali in the soil.

2. Establish an irrigation and drainage system, introduce freshwater irrigation periodically, conduct salt washing and dilute salt and alkali content, so that the salt content is reduced to less than 0.1%.

3, the ground sand, cover grass or cover humus soil to prevent salt alkali rise.

4. Build shelter forest and grow green manure to reduce wind speed, reduce evaporation, and prevent soil from returning to alkali.

5, diligently cultivating, cut off the soil capillary, reduce the evaporation of water, prevent salt alkali rise.

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